scholarly journals COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with β-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Carrouel ◽  
Maria Pia Conte ◽  
Julian Fisher ◽  
Lucio Souza Gonçalves ◽  
Claude Dussart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Ambient Particles ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Preventive Effects

Considered to be a major portal of entry for infectious agents, the oral cavity is directly associated with the evolutionary process of SARS-CoV-2 in its inhalation of ambient particles in the air and in expectorations. Some new generations of mouth rinses currently on the market have ingredients that could contribute to lower the SARS-CoV-2 viral load, and thus facilitate the fight against oral transmission. If chlorhexidine, a usual component of mouth rinse, is not efficient to kill SARS-CoV-2, the use of a mouth rinses and/or with local nasal applications that contain β-cyclodextrins combined with flavonoids agents, such as Citrox, could provide valuable adjunctive treatment to reduce the viral load of saliva and nasopharyngeal microbiota, including potential SARS-CoV-2 carriage. We urge national agencies and authorities to start clinical trials to evaluate the preventive effects of βCD-Citrox therapeutic oral biofilm rinses in reducing the viral load of the infection and possibly disease progression.

Meningoencephalomyelitis in domestic cats: 3 cases of Pasteurella multocida infection and literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110344
Author(s):  
Bianca S. de Cecco ◽  
Mariano Carossino ◽  
Fabio Del Piero ◽  
Nobuko Wakamatsu ◽  
Maria S. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Histologic Changes

Neurologic diseases are common in domestic cats, and infectious agents are suspected to be the primary cause in 30–45% of cases. Among infectious etiologies, those of bacterial origin are only sporadically characterized in the literature, with few of these reports correlating gross and histologic findings with confirmatory bacteriologic identification. Here, we describe bacterial meningitis and meningoencephalomyelitis associated with Pasteurella multocida in 3 domestic cats. Purulent exudate expanding the cerebral meninges was grossly evident in 2 of the cases. In all 3 cases, histologic changes included multifocal suppurative-to-necrosuppurative meningitis and/or meningoencephalomyelitis of variable severity. Intralesional colonies of gram-negative, short rod-shaped to coccobacillary bacteria were evident histologically in only 1 case. P. multocida was confirmed by routine bacteriologic culture in all cases. Based on our cases, we hypothesize that the upper respiratory system serves as the main portal of entry for P. multocida, leading to invasion of the central nervous system and possible systemic hematogenous dissemination. A case series of meningoencephalomyelitis associated with P. multocida infection in cats has not been reported previously, to our knowledge. We also review briefly other causes of meningoencephalomyelitis in cats.

Hand Hygiene and Hand Sanitizers

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2005 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Simonne
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
General Public ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Cooperative Extension Service ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Oral Transmission

Hand hygiene is one of the primary methods used to reduce the fecal-oral transmission of infectious agents. However, conflicting hand hygiene recommendations for different settings are causing confusion among the general public as to what is the best practice to follow or what products should be used for daily handwashing and hand hygiene. This document provides the information necessary for average consumers to make an informed decision. This document is FCS8788, one of a series of the Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Publication: April 2005.  FCS8788/FY732: Hand Hygiene and Hand Sanitizers (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals Enhancing mucosal immunity by transient microbiota depletion

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Becattini ◽  
Eric R. Littmann ◽  
Ruth Seok ◽  
Luigi Amoretti ◽  
Emily Fontana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Mucosal Vaccination ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Pathogen Entry ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Optimal Protection ◽  
Antigenic Load ◽  
Chemotactic Gradient

Abstract Tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (Trm) are poised for immediate reactivation at sites of pathogen entry and provide optimal protection of mucosal surfaces. The intestinal tract represents a portal of entry for many infectious agents; however, to date specific strategies to enhance Trm responses at this site are lacking. Here, we present TMDI (Transient Microbiota Depletion-boosted Immunization), an approach that leverages antibiotic treatment to temporarily restrain microbiota-mediated colonization resistance, and favor intestinal expansion to high densities of an orally-delivered Listeria monocytogenes strain carrying an antigen of choice. By augmenting the local chemotactic gradient as well as the antigenic load, this procedure generates a highly expanded pool of functional, antigen-specific intestinal Trm, ultimately enhancing protection against infectious re-challenge in mice. We propose that TMDI is a useful model to dissect the requirements for optimal Trm responses in the intestine, and also a potential platform to devise novel mucosal vaccination approaches.

scholarly journals Potential mouth rinses and nasal sprays that reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load: What we know so far?

Clinics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel de Toledo Telles-Araujo ◽  
Raquel D’Aquino Garcia Caminha ◽  
Monira Samaan Kallás ◽  
Aytan Miranda Sipahi ◽  
Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Nasal Sprays ◽  
Mouth Rinses

scholarly journals Antiviral Activity of Reagents in Mouth Rinses against SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
pp. 002203452096793
Author(s):  
F. Carrouel ◽  
L.S. Gonçalves ◽  
M.P. Conte ◽  
G. Campus ◽  
J. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Povidone Iodine ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Enveloped Virus ◽  
Mouth Rinses

The oral cavity, an essential part of the upper aerodigestive tract, is believed to play an important role in the pathogenicity and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The identification of targeted antiviral mouth rinses to reduce salivary viral load would contribute to reducing the COVID-19 pandemic. While awaiting the results of significant clinical studies, which to date do not exist, the commercial availability of mouth rinses leads us to search among them for reagents that would have specific antiviral properties with respect to SARS-CoV-2. The challenges facing this target were examined for 7 reagents found in commercially available mouth rinses and listed on the ClinicalTrials.gov website: povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, cyclodextrin, Citrox, cetylpyridinium chloride, and essential oils. Because SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, many reagents target the outer lipid membrane. Moreover, some of them can act on the capsid by denaturing proteins. Until now, there has been no scientific evidence to recommend mouth rinses with an anti–SARS-CoV-2 effect to control the viral load in the oral cavity. This critical review indicates that current knowledge of these reagents would likely improve trends in salivary viral load status. This finding is a strong sign to encourage clinical research for which quality protocols are already available in the literature.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of antiseptic mouth rinses to reduce salivary load of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria D. Ferrer ◽  
Álvaro Sánchez Barrueco ◽  
Yolanda Martinez-Beneyto ◽  
María V. Mateos-Moreno ◽  
Verónica Ausina-Márquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Viral Particles

AbstractMost public health measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic are based on preventing the pathogen spread, and the use of oral antiseptics has been proposed as a strategy to reduce transmission risk. The aim of this manuscript is to test the efficacy of mouthwashes to reduce salivary viral load in vivo. This is a multi-centre, blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial that tests the effect of four mouthwashes (cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide) in SARS-CoV-2 salivary load measured by qPCR at baseline and 30, 60 and 120 min after the mouthrinse. A fifth group of patients used distilled water mouthrinse as a control. Eighty-four participants were recruited and divided into 12–15 per group. There were no statistically significant changes in salivary viral load after the use of the different mouthwashes. Although oral antiseptics have shown virucidal effects in vitro, our data show that salivary viral load in COVID-19 patients was not affected by the tested treatments. This could reflect that those mouthwashes are not effective in vivo, or that viral particles are not infective but viral RNA is still detected by PCR. Viral infectivity studies after the use of mouthwashes are therefore required. (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04707742; Identifier: NCT04707742)

scholarly journals Efficacy of commercial mouth-rinses on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva: randomized control trial in Singapore

Infection ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaminda J. Seneviratne ◽  
Preethi Balan ◽  
Kwan Ki Karrie Ko ◽  
Nadeeka S. Udawatte ◽  
Deborah Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Randomized Control

scholarly journals Mouth-rinses and SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva: A living systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Hernández-Vásquez ◽  
Antonio Barrenechea-Pulache ◽  
Daniel Comandé ◽  
Diego Azañedo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Number Of Patients

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo conduct a living systematic review of the clinical evidence regarding the effect of different mouth-rinses on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva of infected patients. The viral load in aerosols, the duration of the reduction in viral load, viral clearance, SARS-CoV-2 cellular infectivity, and salivary cytokine profiles were also evaluated.Materials and methodsThis study was reported using the PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search was conducted in seven databases and in preprint repositories. We included human clinical trials that evaluated the effect of mouth-rinses with antiseptic substances on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva of children or adults that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021240561.ResultsFour studies matching eligibility criteria were selected for evaluation (n=32 participants). Study participants underwent oral rinses with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 1 %, povidone–iodine (PI) at 0.5% or 1%, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) at 0.2% or 0.12% or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) at 0.075%. Only one study included a control group with sterile water. Three of the studies identified a significant reduction in viral load up to 3, 4, and 6 hours after the use of mouthwashes with PI, CHX, and CPC or PI vs. sterile water, respectively, while one study did not identify a significant reduction in viral load after the use of H2O2 rinses.ConclusionsAccording to the present systematic review, the effect of the use of mouth-rinses on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva of COVID-19 patients remains uncertain. This is mainly due to the limited number of patients included and a high risk of bias present in the studies analyzed. Evidence from well-designed randomized clinical trials is required for further and more objective evaluation of this effect.

scholarly journals Differential effects of antiseptic mouth rinses on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Xu ◽  
Annie Wang ◽  
Eileen R. Hoskin ◽  
Carla Cugini ◽  
Kenneth Markowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Povidone Iodine ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Viral Infectivity ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is detectable in saliva from asymptomatic individuals, suggesting a potential benefit from the use of mouth rinses to suppress viral load and reduce virus spread. Published studies on reduction of SARS-CoV-2-induced cytotoxic effects by antiseptics do not exclude antiseptic-associated cytotoxicity. Here, we determined the effect of commercially available mouth rinses and antiseptic povidone-iodine on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus and of a non-pathogenic, recombinant, SARS-CoV-2 infection vector (pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus). We first determined the effect of mouth rinses on cell viability to ensure that antiviral activity was not a consequence of mouth rinse-induced cytotoxicity. Colgate Peroxyl (hydrogen peroxide) exhibited the most cytotoxicity, followed by povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), and Listerine (essential oils and alcohol). Potent anti-viral activities of povidone iodine and Colgate peroxyl mouth rinses was the consequence of rinse-mediated cellular damage. The potency of CHG was greater when the product was not washed off after virus attachment, suggesting that the prolonged effect of mouth rinses on cells impacts anti-viral activity. To minimalize mouth rinse-associated cytotoxicity, mouth rinse was largely removed from treated-viruses by centrifugation prior to infection of cells. A 5% (v/v) dilution of Colgate Peroxyl or povidone-iodine completely blocked viral infectivity. A similar 5% (v/v) dilution of Listerine or CHG had a moderate suppressive effect on the virus, but a 50% (v/v) dilution of Listerine or CHG blocked viral infectivity completely. Prolonged incubation of virus with mouth rinses was not required for viral inactivation. Our results indicate that mouth rinses can significantly reduce virus infectivity, suggesting a potential benefit for reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.ImportanceSARS-CoV-2 is detectable in saliva from asymptomatic individuals, suggesting the potential necessity for the use of mouth rinses to suppress viral load to reduce virus spread. Published studies on anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of antiseptics determined by virus-induced cytotoxic effects cannot exclude antiseptic-associated cytotoxicity. We found that all mouth rinses tested inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Listerine and CHG were less cytotoxic than Colgate Peroxyl or povidone-iodine and were active against the virus. When mouth rinses were present in the cell culture during the infection, the potent anti-viral effect of mouth rinses were in part due to the mouth rinse-associated cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that assessing anti-viral candidates including mouth rinses with minimal potential disruption of cells may help identify active agents that can reduce SARS-CoV-2 spread.

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