Clinical evaluation of antiseptic mouth rinses to reduce salivary load of SARS-CoV-2

AbstractMost public health measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic are based on preventing the pathogen spread, and the use of oral antiseptics has been proposed as a strategy to reduce transmission risk. The aim of this manuscript is to test the efficacy of mouthwashes to reduce salivary viral load in vivo. This is a multi-centre, blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial that tests the effect of four mouthwashes (cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide) in SARS-CoV-2 salivary load measured by qPCR at baseline and 30, 60 and 120 min after the mouthrinse. A fifth group of patients used distilled water mouthrinse as a control. Eighty-four participants were recruited and divided into 12–15 per group. There were no statistically significant changes in salivary viral load after the use of the different mouthwashes. Although oral antiseptics have shown virucidal effects in vitro, our data show that salivary viral load in COVID-19 patients was not affected by the tested treatments. This could reflect that those mouthwashes are not effective in vivo, or that viral particles are not infective but viral RNA is still detected by PCR. Viral infectivity studies after the use of mouthwashes are therefore required. (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04707742; Identifier: NCT04707742)

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Brief Report: The Virucidal Efficacy of Oral Rinse Components Against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro

10.1101/2020.11.13.381079 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Evelina Statkute ◽

Anzelika Rubina ◽

Valerie B O’Donnell ◽

David W. Thomas ◽

Richard J. Stanton

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Povidone Iodine ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Log10 Reduction ◽

Live Virus ◽

Oral Rinse ◽

Virucidal Efficacy

AbstractThe ability of widely-available mouthwashes to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in vitro was tested using a protocol capable of detecting a 5-log10 reduction in infectivity, under conditions mimicking the naso/oropharynx. During a 30 second exposure, two rinses containing cetylpyridinium-chloride and a third with ethanol/ethyl lauroyl arginate eliminated live virus to EN14476 standards (>4-log10 reduction), while others with ethanol/essential oils and povidone-iodine (PVP-I) eliminated virus by 2-3-log10. Chlorhexidine or ethanol alone displayed little or no ability to inactivate virus. Studies are warranted to determine whether these formulations can inactivate virus in the human oropharynx in vivo, and whether this might impact transmission risk.

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SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Risk and Oral Decontamination: Scarce Evidence Albeit Promising Future

Universitas Odontologica ◽

10.11144/javeriana.uo39.scvt ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

Author(s):

Lina Janeth Suárez Londoño ◽

María Cecilia Martínez Pabón ◽

Roger Mauricio Arce Muñoz ◽

Adriana Rodríguez Ciódaro

Keyword(s):

Clinical Effectiveness ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Dental Procedures ◽

Mouth Rinses ◽

Dental Office ◽

Plausible Mechanism ◽

Oral Decontamination

Background: Oral decontamination recommendations/guidelines have exploded during the COVID-19 pandemic for the contemporary dental practice, due to SARS-CoV-2 relative high presence in saliva and the possibility of risk contagion through its aerosolization. However, such guidelines are mostly based on research carried out for other diseases caused by different viruses and/or bacteria, low-level evidence publications, and/or anecdotal information. Purpose: To review the biological basis for the use of oral antiseptics to decrease viral load in saliva as a plausible mechanism for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk, including other aspects such as pathogenesis, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 expression in the oral cavity, aerosolization, and oral antiseptics potential mechanistic virucidal properties. Results: Our group could only identify a limited number of reports evaluating specific direct effects of commonly used oral antiseptics (Hydrogen Peroxide, Povidone-Iodine and Chlorhexidine) on SARS-CoV-2, however, these reports are limited to surface disinfection, in vitro activity, or preliminary in vivo observations. Conclusion: Although we conclude that there is no direct evidence of clinical effectiveness of the use of mouth rinses prior to dental procedures with antiseptic solutions for SARS-CoV-2 specifically to date, we here present recommendations that could aid in reducing the risk of transmission in the dental office.

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Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 through Treatment with the Mouth Rinsing Solutions ViruProX® and BacterX® Pro

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9030521 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 521

Author(s):

Julia Koch-Heier ◽

Helen Hoffmann ◽

Michael Schindler ◽

Adrian Lussi ◽

Oliver Planz

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Control Measures ◽

Dental Practice ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Effective Components ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Virucidal Effect ◽

Mouth Rinsing

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic effects daily dental work. Therefore, infection control measures are necessary to prevent infection of dental personnel during dental treatments. The use of a preprocedural mouth rinse with chlorhexidine (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution for 30–60 s may reduce the viral load and may protect the personnel in a dental practice. In the present study the virucidal effect of the mouth rinsing solutions ViruProX® with 0.05% CPC and 1.5% H2O2 and BacterX® pro containing 0.1% CHX, 0.05% CPC, and 0.005% sodium fluoride (F-) was investigated in vitro. The mouth rinsing solutions successfully inactivated infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), within 30 s. To determine the effective components, CHX, CPC, H2O2, and a combination of CHX and CPC, were tested against SARS-CoV-2 in addition. While a combination of CPC and CHX as well as CPC alone led to a significant reduction of infectious viral particles, H2O2 and CHX alone had no virucidal effect against SARS-CoV-2. It can be assumed that preprocedural rinsing of the mouth with ViruProX® or BacterX® pro will reduce the viral load in the oral cavity and could thus lower the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in dental practice.

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G2-S16 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimer Can Reduce HIV-1 Reservoir Formation by Inhibiting Macrophage Cell to Cell Transmission

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22168366 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (16) ◽

pp. 8366

Author(s):

Ignacio Relaño-Rodríguez ◽

María de la Sierra Espinar-Buitrago ◽

Vanessa Martín-Cañadilla ◽

Rafael Gómez-Ramírez ◽

María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Main Role ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Carbosilane Dendrimer ◽

Science Community ◽

New Compounds ◽

Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is still a major problem, not only in developing countries but is also re-emerging in several developed countries, thus the development of new compounds able to inhibit the virus, either for prophylaxis or treatment, is still needed. Nanotechnology has provided the science community with several new tools for biomedical applications. G2-S16 is a polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer capable of inhibiting HIV-1 in vitro and in vivo by interacting directly with viral particles. One of the main barriers for HIV-1 eradication is the reservoirs created in primoinfection. These reservoirs, mainly in T cells, are untargetable by actual drugs or immune system. Thus, one approach is inhibiting HIV-1 from reaching these reservoir cells. In this context, macrophages play a main role as they can deliver viral particles to T cells establishing reservoirs. We showed that G2-S16 dendrimer is capable of inhibiting the infection from infected macrophages to healthy T CD4/CD8 lymphocytes by eliminating HIV-1 infectivity inside macrophages, so they are not able to carry infectious particles to other body locations, thus preventing the reservoirs from forming.

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Synthetic Peptides as a Promising Alternative to Control Viral Infections in Atlantic Salmon

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9080600 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 600 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Constanza Cárdenas ◽

Fanny Guzmán ◽

Marisela Carmona ◽

Cristian Muñoz ◽

Luis Nilo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

In Silico Analysis ◽

Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽

Fish Cell ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Anemia Virus

Viral infections in salmonids represent an ongoing challenge for the aquaculture industry. Two RNA viruses, the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), have become a latent risk without healing therapies available for either. In this context, antiviral peptides emerge as effective and relatively safe therapeutic molecules. Based on in silico analysis of VP2 protein from IPNV and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from ISAV, a set of peptides was designed and were chemically synthesized to block selected key events in their corresponding infectivity processes. The peptides were tested in fish cell lines in vitro, and four were selected for decreasing the viral load: peptide GIM182 for IPNV, and peptides GIM535, GIM538 and GIM539 for ISAV. In vivo tests with the IPNV GIM 182 peptide were carried out using Salmo salar fish, showing a significant decrease of viral load, and proving the safety of the peptide for fish. The results indicate that the use of peptides as antiviral agents in disease control might be a viable alternative to explore in aquaculture.

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Evidence ofIn VivoProphage Induction during Clostridium difficile Infection

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02275-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (21) ◽

pp. 7662-7670 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Mathieu Meessen-Pinard ◽

Ognjen Sekulovic ◽

Louis-Charles Fortier

Keyword(s):

Clostridium Difficile ◽

Bioinformatics Analyses ◽

Content Type ◽

Unique Character ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Potential Impact ◽

First Time ◽

Culture Supernatants

ABSTRACTProphages contribute to the evolution and virulence of most bacterial pathogens, but their role inClostridium difficileis unclear. Here we describe the isolation of fourMyoviridaephages, ϕMMP01, ϕMMP02, ϕMMP03, and ϕMMP04, that were recovered as free viral particles in the filter-sterilized stool supernatants of patients suffering fromC. difficileinfection (CDI). Furthermore, identical prophages were found in the chromosomes ofC. difficileisolated from the corresponding fecal samples. We therefore provide, for the first time, evidence ofin vivoprophage induction during CDI. We completely sequenced the genomes of ϕMMP02 and ϕMMP04, and bioinformatics analyses did not reveal the presence of virulence factors but underlined the unique character of ϕMMP04. We also studied the mobility of ϕMMP02 and ϕMMP04 prophagesin vitro. Both prophages were spontaneously induced, with 4 to 5 log PFU/ml detected in the culture supernatants of the corresponding lysogens. When lysogens were grown in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, or mitomycin C, the phage titers further increased, reaching 8 to 9 log PFU/ml in the case of ϕMMP04. In summary, our study highlights the extensive genetic diversity and mobility ofC. difficileprophages. Moreover, antibiotics known to represent risk factors for CDI, such as quinolones, can stimulate prophage mobilityin vitroand probablyin vivoas well, which underscores their potential impact on phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer events and the evolution ofC. difficile.

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The role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252300000086 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 95-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Roongroje Thanawongnuwech ◽

Patrick G. Halbur ◽

Eileen L. Thacker

Keyword(s):

Virus Titer ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

The Past ◽

Current State ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Increased Susceptibility ◽

Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages

AbstractThe objective of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the complex interaction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs). PIMs play an important role in pulmonary surveillance, and in the past few years we have investigated their role in PRRSV infection. PRRSV antigens and nucleic acids have been demonstrated in PIMs bothin vitroandin vivo. Examination of cultured PIMs infected with PRRSV revealed the accumulation of viral particles in the smooth-walled vesicles. PRRSV-infected PIMsin vitroyielded a virus titer similar to pulmonary alveolar macrophages. PRRSV infection induces either apoptosis or cell lysis of PIMs. Thein vitrobactericidal activity of PRRSV-infected PIMs is significantly decreased. Phagocytic activity of PIMs, as measured by pulmonary copper clearance, is significantly decreased in PRRSV-infected pigs. This evidence supports the hypothesis that PRRSV-induced damage to PIMs results in increased susceptibility to bacteremic diseases. Recent studies with PRRSV andStreptococcus suiscoinfection confirmed that PRRSV predisposes pigs toS. suisinfection and bacteremia. These results could explain the increase in bacterial respiratory diseases and septicemias observed in PRRSV-infected pigs.

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Efficacy of Mouth Rinses Against SARS-CoV-2: A Scoping Review

Frontiers in Dental Medicine ◽

10.3389/fdmed.2021.648547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Amber Ather ◽

Abhishek Parolia ◽

Nikita B. Ruparel

Keyword(s):

Scoping Review ◽

Future Research ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Routine Practice ◽

Mouth Rinses ◽

Oropharyngeal Swab ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Substantial Heterogeneity

Introduction:The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in saliva and nasopharyngeal secretions has challenged the routine practice of dentistry. Use of preprocedural mouth rinses has been recommended by several organizations to potentially reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This scoping review aimed at evaluating the available evidence on the efficacy of mouth rinses against SARS-CoV-2.Methods:A thorough literature search on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) was performed by two independent reviewers and data from articles addressing the aim of this article were extracted.Results:After exclusion of articles not addressing the end point in question, 12 articles were included in this scoping review. Of the 12 articles, seven werein vitrostudies and five werein vivohuman clinical studies. Thein vitrostudies used a standardized methodology (endpoint dilution assay) to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial mouth rinses against SARS-CoV-2. Thein vivostudies were done utilizing polymerase chain reaction assay of samples obtained from saliva or nasopharyngeal swab or a combination of both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab. The reagents tested in these studies included povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), essential oils, and quaternary ammonium compounds and demonstrated varied efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.Conclusion:Based on the available evidence fromin vitrostudies, it can be concluded that mouth rinses have a potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load; however, effectiveness inin vivoconditions is still inconclusive. Owing to the substantial heterogeneity in reporting of the anti–SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of mouth rinses, this review highlights the need to conduct future research with robust and standardized methodologies to confirm effectiveness of mouth rinses.

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Ancient Adversary – HERV-K (HML-2) in Cancer

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.658489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Eoin Dervan ◽

Dibyangana D. Bhattacharyya ◽

Jake D. McAuliffe ◽

Faizan H. Khan ◽

Sharon A. Glynn

Keyword(s):

Tumour Progression ◽

Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Metastatic Capacity ◽

Coding Capacity ◽

Reading Frames

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), ancient integrations of exogenous viruses, make up 8% of our genome. Long thought of as mere vestigial genetic elements, evidence is now accumulating to suggest a potential functional role in numerous pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, and multiple cancers. The youngest member of this group of transposable elements is HERV-K (HML-2). Like the majority of HERV sequences, significant post-insertional mutations have disarmed HERV-K (HML-2), preventing it from producing infectious viral particles. However, some insertions have retained limited coding capacity, and complete open reading frames for all its constituent proteins can be found throughout the genome. For this reason HERV-K (HML-2) has garnered more attention than its peers. The tight epigenetic control thought to suppress expression in healthy tissue is lost during carcinogenesis. Upregulation of HERV-K (HML-2) derived mRNA and protein has been reported in a variety of solid and liquid tumour types, and while causality has yet to be established, progressively more data are emerging to suggest this phenomenon may contribute to tumour growth and metastatic capacity. Herein we discuss its potential utility as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target in light of the current in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence linking HERV-K (HML-2) to tumour progression.

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Development of a fluorescent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of novel-goose parvovirus in vivo

10.1101/2021.07.09.451858 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haibin Ma ◽

Yahui Li ◽

Junzheng Yang

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Standard Curve ◽

Goose Parvovirus ◽

Detection And Quantification

Objectives: To develop a sensitive, highly specific fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR assay for accurate detection and quantification of novel-goose parvovirus (N-GPV) in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Specific primers was designed based on N-GPV inverted terminal repeats region; virus RNA (DFV, NDV, AIV, DHV-1, DHV-3) and virus DNA (MDPV, GPV, N-GPV) were extracted, cDNA (DFV, NDV, AIV, DHV-1, DHV-3) were prepared from viral RNAs using M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase, and prepared cDNA (DFV, NDV, AIV, DHV-1, DHV-3) and DNA (MDPV, GPV, N-GPV) amplified by real-time PCR; the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of established real-time PCR methods were evaluated, and finally we validated the reliability of real-time PCR methods in ducklings models in vivo. Results: The standard curve of established real-time PCR had a good linearity (slope was -0.3098, Y-intercept was 37.865, efficiency of standard curve was 0.995); the detection limit of established real-time PCR for N-GPV was 10 copies/reaction. The sensitivity of real-time PCR was 10 copies/uL, which was 1000 times higher than conventional gel-based PCR assay. The results of intra-assay CVs (0.04-0.74%) and inter-assay CVs (0.16-0.53%) showed that the real-time PCR assay had an excellent repeatability. This method also could efficiently detect viral load in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, pancreas, bursa of Fabricius, brain, blood and excrement from ducklings models after N-GPV infection from 6h to 28 days, which could provided us a dynamic distribution observation of N-GPV viral load using this real-time PCR assay in vivo. Conclusion: In the study, we developed a high sensitive, specific and reproducible real-time PCR assay for N-GPV detection. The established real-time PCR assay was suitable for parvovirus detection and quantification simultaneously, no matter sample obtained from blood, internal organs or ileac contents; the present work may provide insight into the pathogenesis of N-GPV and will contributes to better understanding of this newly emerged novel GPV related virus in cherry valley ducks.

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