scholarly journals Usage of Vertical Fisheye-Images to Quantify Urban Light Pollution on Small Scales and the Impact of LED Conversion

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Wallner
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Direct Emission ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The aim of this work was to develop an easy and quick technique for characterizing various lighting situations, that is, single lamps or illuminated signs and to quantify impacts on small scales like streets, buildings and near areas. The method uses a DSLR-camera equipped with fisheye-lens and the software Sky Quality Camera, both commonly used as part of night sky imagery in the light pollution community, to obtain information about luminance and correlated colour temperature. As a difference to its usual build-up, observed light emitting sources were captured by pointing the camera towards analysed objects, that is, images were taken via vertical plane imaging with very short exposure times under one second. Results have proven that this technique provides a practical way to quantify the lighting efficacy in a certain place or area, as a quantitative analysis of the direct emission towards the observer and the illumination on surroundings, that is, street surfaces, sidewalks and buildings, was performed. When conducting lamp conversions, the method can be used to characterize the gradient of change and could be a useful tool for municipalities to find the optimal lighting solution. The paper shows examples of different lighting situations like single lamps of different types, also containing various luminaires, illuminated billboards or buildings and impacts of the lighting transition to LEDs in the city of Eisenstadt, Austria. The horizontal fisheye method is interdisciplinary applicable, for example, being suitable for lighting management, to sustainability and energy saving purposes.

scholarly journals Main parameters influencing the plastic behavior of clays used for traditional ceramics production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hicham El Boudour El Idrissi
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Ceramic Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Plastic Behavior ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Traditional Ceramics ◽  
Clayey Materials ◽  
Clay Mineral Composition

This paper investigates the main parameters influencing the plastic behavior of clays used for traditional ceramics production. For this, twenty-six clayey pastes were selected from twelve traditional ceramic plants around the city of Marrakech (Morocco). According to the lithology, six different types of materials are used as raw material in the ceramic industry of this region. Emphasis is placed on the impact of the characteristics of these clayey materials upon the plastic behavior of these clays. The pastes were characterized through their consistency using the Atterberg limits. It has been concluded that the gain size, the mineralogical and the clay mineral composition and content, the effect of diagenesis and the presence of talc-pyrophyllite association play the most important role in the control of the plasticity behavior.

Mimicking skyglow at ecosystem level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Jechow ◽  
Günther Schreck ◽  
Christopher C. M. Kyba ◽  
Stella A. Berger ◽  
Lukas Thuile Bistarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Homogeneous Surface ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Illumination System ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
White Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Light pollution is an environmental stressor of global extent that is growing exponentially in area and intensity. Artificial skyglow, a form of light pollution with large range, is hypothesized to have environmental impact at ecosystem level. However, testing the impact of skyglow at large scales and in a controlled fashion under in situ conditions has remained elusive so far. Here we present the first experimental setup to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level outdoors in an aquatic environment. Spatially diffuse and homogeneous surface illumination that is adjustable between 10 mlx and 10 lx, resembling rural to urban skyglow levels, was achieved with white light-emitting diodes at a large-scale lake enclosure facility. The illumination system was enabled by optical modeling with Monte-Carlo raytracing and validated by measurements. Our method can be adapted to other outdoor and indoor skyglow experiments, urgently needed to understand the impact of skyglow on ecosystems.

scholarly journals Religious Tourism’s Impact on City Space: Service Zones around Sanctuaries

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Izabela Sołjan ◽  
Justyna Liro
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
City Space ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Model Approach

Pilgrimage centers are important elements of the spatial structure of cities and simultaneously factors influencing their transformations. The pilgrimage function of sanctuaries can lead to development of service zones around them focused mainly on serving visitors, i.e., pilgrims and tourists. They often perform functions complementary to sanctuaries. Here we present the results of studies of sanctuary service zones conducted at twenty six popular Catholic sanctuaries in Europe. In this paper, we discussed the influence of the sanctuary on city space on the macro, meso and micro scales. We proposed a definition of a sanctuary service zone, and developed a model approach to the different types: initial (slightly developed) zones, dispersed zones (integrated into the urban space, with their pilgrimage function coexisting with other urban functions), and compact zones—linear, or pilgrimage districts (with dominating pilgrimage function). The development of sanctuary service zones depends mainly on the rank of the pilgrimage center, as well as on the period in which it was founded, pilgrimage traditions, and the location of the pilgrimage center in the city. This paper is a continuation and extension of research into the impact of pilgrimage centers on city space transformations in the context of socio-cultural changes in the 20th and 21st centuries.

scholarly journals The three tenures: A case of property maintenance

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110292
Author(s):  
Geoff Rose ◽  
Richard Harris
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Code Violations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Better Than

Property maintenance affects health and safety, market values and neighbourhood dynamics. Previous studies have indicated that owner-occupiers maintain their properties better than do absentee (non-resident) landlords. Some evidence suggests that maintenance by resident landlords falls in between but no study has compared all three tenures. This study of the City of Rochester, New York, utilises tax data for every residential property in the city in 2017, these being linked to records of building inspections, mostly pro-active. It indicates that code violations were highest for absentee-owned properties, lowest for the owner-occupied and intermediate for the properties of resident landlords. Comparison of the two- and three-unit properties of resident landlords indicates the impact of pro-active inspections. Maintenance by Limited Liability Companies was about average for absentee-owned properties, but those handled by management companies were worse. Longitudinal analysis of independent changes in the ownership and tenure of dwelling units, 2011–2017, indicates that observed differences in maintenance in 2017 were attributable to the incentives characteristic of each tenure, not to differences in personal preference among property owners. Results underline the importance of pro-active inspections and the need for qualitative research to clarify the motivations of different types of landlords.

scholarly journals Design and implementation of an illumination system to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Jechow ◽  
Günther Schreck ◽  
Christopher C. M. Kyba ◽  
Stella A. Berger ◽  
Lukas Thuile Bistarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Homogeneous Surface ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Illumination System ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
White Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLight pollution is an environmental stressor of global extent that is growing exponentially in area and intensity. Artificial skyglow, a form of light pollution with large range, is hypothesized to have environmental impact at ecosystem level. However, testing the impact of skyglow at large scales and in a controlled fashion under in situ conditions has remained elusive so far. Here we present the first experimental setup to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level outdoors in an aquatic environment. Spatially diffuse and homogeneous surface illumination that is adjustable between 0.01 and 10 lx, resembling rural to urban skyglow levels, was achieved with white light-emitting diodes at a large-scale lake enclosure facility. The illumination system was enabled by optical modeling with Monte-Carlo raytracing and validated by measurements. Our method can be adapted to other outdoor and indoor skyglow experiments, urgently needed to understand the impact of skyglow on ecosystems.

Measurement and distribution of urban light pollution as day changes to night

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Liu ◽  
BG Zhang ◽  
WS Li ◽  
XW Guo ◽  
XH Pan
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Ecological Balance ◽  
The City

Light pollution has a serious impact on astronomical observations and ecological balance. So far, most scholars have carried out field measurements of urban sky glow luminance using satellite data. However, measurement of the light environment of an entire city is insufficient. This paper presents measurements of the sky within the city of Dalian and examines the changes in the distribution of luminance and colour temperature of the sky. It was found that over the transition from day to night the colour temperature of the sky decreases by approximately 2000 K–3000 K and the light spectrum transforms from a relatively uniform distribution to one with an obvious peak. Additionally, the zenith luminance is up to 0.01 cd/m2, more than 50 times the standard dark sky luminance. Dalian experiences serious light pollution.

scholarly journals Functional Ability of Children and Adolescents With Cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Lopes ◽  
Jaqueline Frônio ◽  
Anke Bergmann ◽  
Rayla Lemos ◽  
Érica Defilipo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Computer Adaptive Test ◽  
Informed Consent Form ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract Background: It is still poorly understood how the mobility of children and adolescents is affected by cancer. In addition, there is a lack of studies to guide the physiotherapeutic procedures essential for the maintenance, development, preservation and improvement of functional capacity of cancer patients. Therefore, the objective this study to evaluate the functional ability of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out, with children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer, from 2 to 18 years of age, of both genders, from the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. All participants signed the informed consent form. The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory - Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT) questionnaire was applied to the caregivers for assessing the functional ability of the participants, in the domains of daily activities, mobility, social/cognitive and responsibility. Results: 33 children or adolescents, 14 male and 19 female, with a mean age of 9.23 years, accepted to participate in the study. After adjustment, it was observed that in the mobility domain, participants older than 8 years presented worse functional ability (OR = 22.000, 95%CI = 3.415 - 141.733, p=0.0001). Conclusions: Children older than 8 years of age and adolescents with different types of cancer showed higher chance to present worse mobility than expected by age, compared to children under 8 years old. Understanding the impact of childhood cancer is important for the physiotherapist to determine treatment strategies for this population that lives with dysfunctions left by cancer treatment.

Caractérisation des eaux usées de débordements de réseau unitaire

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Lessard ◽  
Pierre Lavallée
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

In 1981, the City of Québec signed a protocol with the Québec Ministry of Environment permitting the study of the impact of combined sewer overflows (CSO) during rain periods on the St-Charles River. One of the main study objectives was to characterize CSO, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Five main drainage basins, representative of the study area, were selected and sampled during nine rain events. Certain appraisals were made to explain the importance of the water quality variations during rain events in combined sewers, dry weather period influence on runoff quality, and "first-flush" phenomenon. Two principal conclusions have been drawn from these data: (1) the major part of the pollutant load routed through a combined sewer network during a rain event is generated by surface runoff and dragging of sewage deposits and (2) the overall water quality of CSO doesn't seem to vary much from one basin to another, even if the percentages associated with different types of land use (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.) are different. Key words: urban runoff, combined sewer overflow, rainfall, quality, concentration, load.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

Isolation and Diagnosis of Fungi from Samples of Spices in the City of Nasiriya

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-9
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
White Pepper ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The City ◽  
Isolated Species

Examination of (35) samples of spices obtained from local markets for the purposes of isolating and diagnosing fungi growing on them. Anine isolates belonging to 13 different types of fungi were diagnosed by the standard dilution method with three replications, and it has been observed that the most samples from which the fungi were isolated is ginger. It was found that the most isolated species of fungi are Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Rizupes spp. A rare colony of fungi was observed, which indicates contamination of the spices under study with the fungus. The present study aims to identify the potential risks of the presence of fungi in spices and what may result from mycotoxins that may be the cause of many chronic diseases as a result of using these spices in large quantities. The study recommends limiting the use of contaminated spices, especially ginger, in preparing food and its uses, in addition to other types such as cloves, black and white pepper, and other types of spices found in the local markets, especially the expired ones.

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