Optimal Administrative Response to Selfish Behaviors in Urban Public Management: The Role of Zero-Determinant Strategies

City management involves complex interactions between the manager (administrator), who supervises urban appearance and environmental sanitation, and the managed (speculator), who works in urban areas and is subject to management ordinances. This article provides an iterated game framework for analyzing the extent to which zero-determinant strategies can be used to optimize the intensity decision of supervisory action against municipal code violations, thus enhancing administrative efficiency. To account for characteristics of the public affairs context, it is assumed that each player in our model chooses from a finite set of discrete and random courses of game strategy. As our model constitutes a major extension to the seminal Press and Dyson (2012) model, we resort to the theory of stochastic process to prove the existence of multiple zero-determinant strategies when players can adopt many strategies in the iterated game. Various numerical examples are presented to validate such strategies’ optimality. Our finding is that, given the probability of adopting a particular strategy, an urban administrator can unilaterally (i) set the speculators’ expected payoff to a level equaling to the opportunity cost of abiding by the law and (ii) let their own expected surplus payoff exceed the speculators. Finally, important policy implications can be derived based on these analyses and conclusions.

The three tenures: A case of property maintenance

Property maintenance affects health and safety, market values and neighbourhood dynamics. Previous studies have indicated that owner-occupiers maintain their properties better than do absentee (non-resident) landlords. Some evidence suggests that maintenance by resident landlords falls in between but no study has compared all three tenures. This study of the City of Rochester, New York, utilises tax data for every residential property in the city in 2017, these being linked to records of building inspections, mostly pro-active. It indicates that code violations were highest for absentee-owned properties, lowest for the owner-occupied and intermediate for the properties of resident landlords. Comparison of the two- and three-unit properties of resident landlords indicates the impact of pro-active inspections. Maintenance by Limited Liability Companies was about average for absentee-owned properties, but those handled by management companies were worse. Longitudinal analysis of independent changes in the ownership and tenure of dwelling units, 2011–2017, indicates that observed differences in maintenance in 2017 were attributable to the incentives characteristic of each tenure, not to differences in personal preference among property owners. Results underline the importance of pro-active inspections and the need for qualitative research to clarify the motivations of different types of landlords.

Ad Hoc Board’s Ethics and Conduct Code Violation in Bolaang Mongondow General Election Commissions (KPU)

The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of repressive and preventive actions of the Ad Hoc board’s Ethics and Conduct Code in Bolaang Mongondow KPU. The research method used was empirical legal research methods, the data were from primary and secondary data with data collection techniques used were documents study and interview. The data were analyzed using qualitative data analysis, where all collected data were analyzed, connected into one another, and presented descriptively and systematically. Based on the study results, it is known that the repressive and preventive mechanism of the Ethics and Conduct Code of Ad Hoc Board of Bolaang Mogondow KPU in organizing Election for the Governor and Deputy Governor of North Sulawesi in 2020 had been carried out in accordance with statutory regulations. There were 5 (five) cases of Ethics and Conduct Code violations carried out by the Ad Hoc Board within the Bolaang Mongondow KPU.

OPTIMALISASI PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA PEMILU DALAM PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH DAN WAKIL KEPALA DAERAH SERENTAK

ABSTRAKPemilihan umum selalu pemilihan umum merupakan sarana kedaulatan menjadi kajian yang menarik untuk diteliti karena proses rakyat yang akan menentukan pemimpin. Sebagian dari suprastruktur politik yang terdiri dari Presiden, Wakil Presiden, Gubernur, Wakil Gubernur, Bupati, Wakil Bupati dan Walikota, Wakil Walikota, DPR RI, DPD, DPRD Tingkat Provinsi dan DPRD Tingkat Kabupaten Kota, Kepala Desa bahkan RW dan RT ditentukan melalui pemilihan umum. Proses penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum ini tentu saja bukan tanpa kendala dan dimanika. Banyak sekali ditemukan pelanggaran dalam setiap tahapan baik pelanggaran adminstrasi, pelanggaran kode etik maupun pelanggaran pidana. Harus dipahami bahwa dalam penegakan hukum pidana, dasar pembenaran seseorang dapat dikatakan bersalah atau tidak melakukan tindak pidana. Hukum Pidana khusus, bukan hanya mengatur hukum pidana materiilnya saja akan tetapi juga hukum formalnya. Aturan-aturan tersebut seyogianya tetap memperhatikan asas-asas umum yang terdapat baik dalam ketentuan umum KUHP bagi hukum pidana materiilnya, maupun untuk hukum pidana formalnya harus tunduk terhadap ketentuan yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang KUHAP.ABSTRACTGeneral election is always a general election as a means of sovereignty to be an interesting study to study because it is the people's process that will determine the leader. Part of the political superstructure consisting of the President, Vice President, Governor, Deputy Governor, Regent, Deputy Regent and Mayor, Deputy Mayor, DPR RI, DPD, Provincial DPRD and City Regency DPRD, Village Heads and even RW and RT are determined by election. general. The process of organizing this general election is certainly not without obstacles and is dynamic. Lots of violations are found at every stage, both administrative violations, code violations and criminal offenses. It must be understood that in criminal law enforcement, the basis for a person's justification can be said to be guilty or not to commit a criminal act. Special Criminal Law, not only regulates the material criminal law but also the formal law. These rules should still pay attention to the general principles contained in both the general provisions of the Criminal Code for material criminal law, as well as for formal criminal law must comply with the provisions contained in Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning KUHAP.

Loc’d and Faded, Yoga Pants and Spaghetti Straps: Discrimination in Dress Codes and School Pushout

In this paper, we review the current dress code violations that have made national news. These issues have spotlighted racist and sexist issues embedded within common K-12 dress codes. We also analyze all school dress codes within one county in a mid-western state to examine various racist and sexist issues. We end the paper with an assessment for readers to determine the levels of racism and sexism in their own K-12 district dress codes.

Remarks

In both Greek and Roman mythology, a Hydra guards the entrance to the underworld. For those who don’t remember their mythology, a Hydra is a multi-headed serpent who exhales poisonous fumes. If you get close enough to the Hydra and are able to cut off one of its heads, two grow back in its place. Slaying the Hydra was number two on Hercules’ famous list of Labors. He was successful, but not without a fierce struggle. As you’ve heard over the last four days, fines and fees are Hydralike. Fines are imposed for almost every minor offense — misdemeanors, infractions, and code violations — and fees are assessed at virtually every step of the criminal legal process. For every fine, fee, or particularly egregious collection practice that is stopped, dozens of others that are equally harmful remain in place. The collateral consequences of fines and fees wreak havoc on the lives of individuals and families. The impact that these policies have on the economic health and stability of communities — particularly communities of color — is truly poisonous. Too often it feels like it will take a Herculean effort to end the regime of monetary sanctions.

Hair Discrimination is Racist

Black girls are at greater risk than other girls for receiving citations due to dress code violations and talking back to teachers, as well as for much less severe behaviors, such as gum chewing, defiance, and failure to comply with prior discipline. Further, these disciplinary measures have a greater likelihood of excluding Black girls from the classroom and schools. When taking a closer look at a recent trend around the dress code policy infractions, it is clear that some policies are discriminatory, if not racist.

Constructing Myths via Art of Controversy: A Semiotic Analysis on Political Cartoons

This paper sought to analyze the different ways of expressing opinions the author utilized in Philippine editorial cartoons and argued how humor in the political cartoons serve to present crucial issues and criticize political leaders and their contemptible practices. The researcher attempted to observe the myths implied by the signs and if it correlates with the myth created by the citizens as part of the society. The researcher used the 10 political cartoons related to COVID-19 found in the Philippine Daily Inquirer Newspaper between March 20th and April 20th in the year 2020. Utilizing Berger’s (2004) notion of humor as code violations, the semiotic variation of the Incongruity Theory of Humor and Barthes’s (1991) connotative (in Chandler, 2005) and mythological meaning of the sign, the study examined the meanings of the humorous signifiers in the editorial cartoons and analyzed how they constructed myths of modern (Philippine) society which appear natural and normal. These cartoons that are shown in this survey are very relevant to the issues that Filipinos are facing now. The researcher realized that the political cartoons could have been better explained in phrases as far as the analysis and integration of respondents’ ideas is concerned.

Fire at the Oakland Ghost Ship Warehouse: A disaster life cycle-based analysis

Objective: Structural fires remain a prominent threat to public health and safety even in several regions of the developed world, where rising housing costs force many to reside in unsafe environments. This case report of the Ghost Ship Warehouse fire in Oakland, California, highlights deficiencies in the emergency management system in the context of similar nightclub incidents to inform recommendations that might prevent such events from occurring in the future.Design: The characteristics of the Ghost Ship warehouse and circumstances surrounding the fire, as described in government documents and news media sources, were examined using the disaster life cycle framework. The Ghost Ship fire was also compared with two prior fire disasters at the Happy Land nightclub in New York City and Station nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island.Results: The following risk factors were identified as common features of deadly nightclub fires: large crowd size, limited access to exits, multiple code violations, lack of required permits, inadequate fire suppression systems, and poor building maintenance. Conclusions: To prevent the recurrence of such disasters, Oakland and other cities should adopt measures to improve interdepartmental communication; streamline reporting of fire and safety hazards, and allocate sufficient resources and staff capable of identifying hazardous buildings, performing inspections, and enforcing building and fire codes. Equally importantly, the urban affordable housing crisis needs to be adequately addressed to mitigate vulnerable populations living in unsafe dwellings that place them at risk of deadly fires.