scholarly journals Wall Mosaics: A Review of On-Site Non-Invasive Methods, Application Challenges and New Frontiers for Their Study and Preservation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Antonina Chaban ◽  
Rita Deiana ◽  
Vivi Tornari
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Humidity Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
Depth Of Investigation

This review concerns the challenges and perspectives of on-site non-invasive measurements applied to wall mosaics. Wall mosaics, during the centuries, decorated numerous buildings, nowadays being part of world cultural heritage. The preservation and maintenance of these valuable decorations are undoubtedly directly dependent on identifying possible problems that could affect their hidden structure. On-site non-invasive methods, using different contact or no-contact technologies, can offer support in this specific field of application. The choice of the appropriate technique or combination of different techniques depends, in general, on the depth of investigation, the resolution, the possibility to have direct contact with the surfaces or, on the contrary, limited accessibility of the wall mosaics due to their location (e.g., vaults), as well as deterioration problems, (e.g., voids, detachments, or humidity effects). This review paper provides a brief overview of selected recent studies regarding non-invasive methods applied to the analysis of wall mosaics. This review, discussing the assessment of advantages and limitations for each method here considered, also considers possible future developments of imaging techniques in this specific context for cultural heritage applications.

THz imaging in the frame of the Archaeological Urban Park of Naples project

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Catapano ◽  
Carlo Noviello ◽  
Giovanni Ludeno
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Thz Imaging ◽  
Terahertz Waves ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Processing Chain ◽  
Molecular Stability

<p>The Archaeological Urban Park of Naples (PAUN) project aims at addressing the need of analytical information relating to cultural heritage with modalities that encourage innovation systems of protection and enhancement. In this frame, one of the specific goals is the testing of multiple non-invasive or only minimally invasive investigation techniques, aimed at identifying a permanent diagnostic system calibrated to the specific context of the Urban Archaeological Park of Piazza Municipio, Napoli, Italy.</p><p>Among the electromagnetic sensing technologies, those exploiting Terahertz waves (1THz = 10<sup>12</sup> Hz) are the newest among the imaging techniques, which offers the attractive chance of characterizing the inner features of manmade objects with a sub-millimeter spatial resolution in a non-invasive way while assuring negligible long-term risks to the molecular stability of the exposed objects.</p><p>This possibility together with the recent development of compact, transportable and easily reconfigurable devices make THz imaging a more and more widespread considered investigation tool in the frame of cultural heritage. THz imaging allows, indeed, the gaining of information useful to improve knowledge about the design technique adopted by the artist and to detect possible damages affecting the conservation state of precious artworks [1].</p><p>In the frame of PAUN project, THz imaging is considered as part of the sensor network, which is dedicated to the material characterization and supports the conservation and use of the assets of the Urban Archaeological Park of Piazza Municipio. Specifically, THz imaging is adopted to analyze ancient decorated mortar specimens and gather information on their stratigraphy. At this regard, it is worth pointing out that the effectiveness of THz imaging, i.e. the capability of obtaining high resolution images of the object under test, is dependent not only on the performances of the hardware technology but also on the data processing approaches. Herein, we consider the time domain Z-Omega Fiber-Coupled Terahertz Time Domain (FICO) system, which is available at IREA-CNR, and a data processing chain specifically designed to improve the discrimination of different material layers and to reconstruct the inner features characterizing the investigated artworks [2].</p><p> </p><p>[1] Fukunaga, THz Technology Applied to Cultural Heritage in Practice, Cultural Heritage Science, Springer.</p><p>[2] Catapano, I., Soldovieri, F. A Data Processing Chain for Terahertz Imaging and Its Use in Artwork Diagnostics. J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves 38, 518–530 (2017).</p><p> </p><p>Acknowledge: Authors would like to thank the PAUN project “Archaeological Urban Park of Naples” by which the present work has been financed.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Revealing time’s secrets at the National Theatre of Costa Rica via innovative software for cultural heritage research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Barrantes-Madrigal ◽  
T. Zúñiga-Salas ◽  
R. E. Arce-Tucker ◽  
A. Chavarría-Sibaja ◽  
J. Sánchez-Solís ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Software Tools ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
White Lead ◽  
Large Format ◽  
National Theatre ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Colour Palette

AbstractEstablishing affordable, efficient, accessible, innovative, and multidisciplinary methodologies to the diagnosis of the conservation state of an artwork is key to carry out appropriate strategies of conservation and consequently to the creation of modern public policies on cultural heritage. Limited access to large-format paintings is a challenge to restoration scientists seeking to obtain information quickly, in a non-destructive and non-invasive manner, and identify regions of interest. Therefore, we put forward two unique software tools based on multispectral imaging techniques, with the long-term aim to assess the artist’s intentions, creative process, and colour palette. This development paves the way for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary understanding of the mysteries encompassed in each pictorial layer, through the study of their physical and chemical characteristics. We conducted the first ever study on Musas I and Musas II, two large-format paintings by Italian artist Carlo Ferrario, located in the National Theatre of Costa Rica. In this study, we used our novel imaging techniques to choose regions of interest in order to study sample layers; while also assessing the works’ state of conservation and possible biodeterioration. We explored the applications of our two versatile software tools, RegionOfInterest and CrystalDistribution, and confirmed paint stratigraphies by means of microscopy and spectroscopy analyses (OM, SEM-EDX, Fluorescent microscopy, FTIR-ATR and micro-Raman). In a pilot study, we identified the artist’s main colour palette: zinc white, lead white, chrome yellow, lead read, viridian, along with artificial vermilion and ultramarine pigments. We were able to identify artificial vermilion and ultramarine and distinguish them from the natural pigments using CrystalDistribution to map the average size and diameter of the pigment crystals within the paint layers. This study demonstrated that software-based multidisciplinary imaging techniques are novel in establishing preventive and non-invasive methods for historical painting conservation studies, in addition, this study provides tools with great potential to be used in the future in applications such as virtual restoration.

scholarly journals Research for the conservation of cultural heritage in the context of the circular economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
DORINA CAMELIA ILIEȘ ◽  
MIHAELA-CRISTINA LITE ◽  
LILIANA INDRIE ◽  
FLORIN MARCU ◽  
CĂLIN MOȘ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Material Defects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
Fiber Breaks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive

The heritage woven objects could be analyzed for defects hidden to the naked eye using non-invasive and non-destructive ultrasonography techniques. Ultrasonography is able to offer information about altered areas, such as gasps, interruptions, discontinuances, narrowed areas, fiber breaks, different densities of the material, defects caused by natural or anthropic factors: improper storage and exposure conditions, the presence of microorganisms and traces of their activity, mechanical causes etc. By recycling of the cotton fibers from other decrepit materials, which are not directly usable, the recondition and rendition of the national and world cultural heritage of these refurbished objects would be accomplished. The impact on the environment is diminished compared to the case when new cotton fibers are created.

scholarly journals Diagnostics and Monitoring to Preserve a Hypogeum Site: The Case of the Mithraeum of Marino Laziale (Rome)

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4264-4288
Author(s):  
Loredana Luvidi ◽  
Fernanda Prestileo ◽  
Michela De Paoli ◽  
Cristiano Riminesi ◽  
Rachele Manganelli Del Fà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Preventive Conservation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
The 1960S

Conservation of hypogea and their accessibility by the visitors is a hard question, due to the interaction of different factors such as the intrinsic characteristics of the hypogeal environments and the presence of public. A particular case is represented by the Mithraeum of Marino Laziale, located a few kilometers away from Rome and accidentally discovered in the 1960s. The uniqueness of the discovery was the presence of a well-preserved painting of the Mithraic scene (II century A.D.) probably due to the oblivion of the place of worship over the centuries as well as the isolation from the outdoor environment. Unfortunately, despite a recent complete restoration and recovery of the archaeological area, which ended in 2015, the area was never open to the visitors and only two years after completing the works it was no longer safe to use. Hence, the need for a new planning of interventions starting from the deep knowledge of this cultural heritage and from the analysis of past incorrect actions to arrive at the opening—without any risk for the archaeological findings and visitors—and management of this site, never exposed to the public. Therefore, since 2018 a diagnostic campaign and microclimate monitoring have been started. The data collected during the two years of investigations have been fundamental to assess the conservation state of the hypogeal environment and the potential risks for the preservation of the three paintings (the Mithraic scene and two dadophores). Long-term monitoring of indoor environmental conditions assumes the role of an essential tool for the planning of preventive conservation strategies but also for the control of the site after its opening to the visitors. Furthermore, the characterization of the microclimate is non-invasive, sufficiently economical and accurate. In this paper, the characterization of surfaces in the Mithraic gallery through optical microscopy, UV fluorescence/imaging techniques, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD and the microclimatic parameters variation in the presence or absence of visitors are used to define the strategies for the opening and fruition of the Mithraeum. The strategies for the sustainable fruition of this unique archaeological site have been defined through a conservation protocol approved by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and necessary for the site managers and curators of the Municipality of Marino Laziale to finally support its opening.

scholarly journals Structure-from-Motion (SFM) Photogrammetry as a Non-Invasive Methodology to Digitalize Historical Documents: A Highly Flexible and Low-Cost Approach?

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2124-2136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Brandolini ◽  
Giacomo Patrucco
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Historical Maps ◽  
Landscape Studies ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Gis Applications ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
Commercial Off The Shelf

Historical documents represent a significant part of the world cultural heritage and need to be preserved from physical deformation due to ageing. The restoration of fragile documents requires economic resources that are often limited to only preserve the integrity of exceptional and highly valuable historical records. On the other hand, regeneration of ancient documents in digital form is a useful way to preserve them regardless of the material they are made of. In addition, the digitization of historical cartography allows creating a valuable dataset for a variety of GIS applications as well as spatial and landscape studies. Nonetheless, historical maps are usually deformed, and a contact-scanning process could damage them because this method requires planar positioning of the map. In this regard, photogrammetry has been used successfully as a non-invasive method to digitize historical documentation. The purpose of this research is to assess a low-cost and highly flexible strategy to digitize historical maps and documents through digital photogrammetry using low-cost commercial off-the-shelf sensors. This methodology allows training a wider audience of cultural heritage operators in digitizing historic records with a millimeter-level accuracy.

Integration Between Computed Tomography and Nuclear Medicine for Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Anatomy and Myocardial Perfusion

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Wanda Acampa ◽  
Mario Petretta ◽  
Carmela Nappi ◽  
Alberto Cuocolo ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Myocardial Blood Flow ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Coronary Anatomy ◽  
Non Invasive

Many non-invasive imaging techniques are available for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease. Among these, computed-tomography-based techniques allow the quantification of coronary atherosclerotic calcium and non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries, whereas nuclear cardiology is the most widely used non-invasive approach for the assessment of myocardial perfusion. The available single-photon-emission computed tomography flow agents are characterised by a cardiac uptake proportional to myocardial blood flow. In addition, different positron emission tomography tracers may be used for the quantitative measurement of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve. Extensive research is being performed in the development of non-invasive coronary angiography and myocardial perfusion imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance. Finally, new multimodality imaging systems have recently been developed bringing together anatomical and functional information. This article provides a description of the available non-invasive imaging techniques in the assessment of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion in patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease.

Does historical nostalgia predict tourists' delight and their destination loyalty intention for the world cultural heritage site of Mahabalipuram, India?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Verma ◽  
G. Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Destination Loyalty ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Loyalty Intention ◽  
Tourism Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Impact

Delighting consumers has been one of the most important goals for marketing stakeholders but the effect of historical nostalgia on tourists delight at the world cultural heritage sites has rarely been examined. This study examines the impact of historical nostalgia on the heritage tourists' delight, their satisfaction and destination loyalty intention. The survey for the study was conducted at the world cultural heritage site of Mahabalipuram, India. The hypotheses were tested through the structural equation modelling technique. The results indicated positive and significant effect of historical nostalgia on tourists' delight, satisfaction and destination loyalty intention. The study makes contribution to the tourism studies by examining the role of historical nostalgia in delighting the tourists at the cultural heritage sites and instructs the managers to evoke such experiences to keep the heritage tourists delighted and thereby enhance their loyalty.

Semi-Quantitative Ultrasonographic Evaluation of NAFLD

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (32) ◽  
pp. 3915-3927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Ballestri ◽  
Claudio Tana ◽  
Maria Di Girolamo ◽  
Maria Cristina Fontana ◽  
Mariano Capitelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Progressive Liver Disease

: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) embraces histopathological entities ranging from the relatively benign simple steatosis to the progressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is associated with fibrosis and an increased risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is the most common liver disease and is associated with extrahepatic comorbidities including a major cardiovascular disease burden. : The non-invasive diagnosis of NAFLD and the identification of subjects at risk of progressive liver disease and cardio-metabolic complications are key in implementing personalized treatment schedules and follow-up strategies. : In this review, we highlight the potential role of ultrasound semiquantitative scores for detecting and assessing steatosis severity, progression of NAFLD, and cardio-metabolic risk. : Ultrasonographic scores of fatty liver severity act as sensors of cardio-metabolic health and may assist in selecting patients to submit to second-line non-invasive imaging techniques and/or liver biopsy.

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