scholarly journals Cost-Benefit Analysis of Adaptation to Beach Loss Due to Climate Change in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Kazunori Nakajima ◽  
Naoki Sakamoto ◽  
Keiko Udo ◽  
Yuriko Takeda ◽  
Eiji Ohno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Recreation Demand ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Damage Costs

To measure economic effects of changes in environmental quality caused by climate change in Japan, we estimate beach loss damage costs in Japan and in each prefecture and evaluate the economic effectiveness of hypothetical adaptation measures to restore sandy beaches. For analyses, we use a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) that integrates a utility function with environmental quality factors as an independent variable derived from a recreation demand function in a travel cost method (TCM). We use future projections of beach loss rates in 2081–2100 based on ensemble-mean regional sea-level rise (SLR) for four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCPs) scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). The main findings of our study are presented as follows. (1) In 2081–2100, beach loss damage costs were estimated respectively as 398.54 million USD per year for RCP2.6, 468.96 (m.USD/year) for RCP4.5, 494.09 (m.USD/year) for RCP6.0, and 654.63 (m.USD/year) for RCP8.5. (2) For all RCPs, six prefectures for which the cost–benefit ratio exceeds 1.0 were Kanagawa, Osaka, Hyogo, Hiroshima, Saga, and Kumamoto. Our hypothetical adaptation measure of an artificial beach enhancement is expected to be quite effective as a public works project in these prefectures.

scholarly journals Forest succession, management and the economy under a changing climate: coupling economic and forest management models to assess impacts and adaptation options

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Lantz ◽  
Galen McMonagle ◽  
Chris Hennigar ◽  
Chinmay Sharma ◽  
Patrick Withey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Timber Supply ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Adaptation Options

Abstract Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on forests by affecting the successional dynamics of tree species and the performance of plantations, among others. Research is needed to better understand how these factors will affect forests and economies in different regions, and how we can best adapt. To shed some light on these issues, we couple an economic (Computable General Equilibrium) model with a forest management (Woodstock) model to analyze the potential climate change impacts and adaptation options on timber supply and the economy over the 2015-95 period in a case-study province of New Brunswick, Canada. We estimate that climate change may have relatively large negative impacts on softwood timber supply (at 26% by 2095), softwood forestry & logging sector output quantity (at 12% by 2095), and softwood-dependent forestry manufacturing sector output (ranging from 6% to 27% by 2095). Negative impacts on GDP may be relatively smaller (at up to a 0.33% reduction by 2095). Adapting to these climate-related changes by planting drought-resistant softwood seedlings or hardwood seedlings in place of failed softwood plantations can reduce these negative impacts. While the former adaptation option is supported using cost-benefit analysis, the latter is not – due to the large incremental costs of growing, planting, and tending hardwood seedlings. Methods developed in this study can be applied in other regions to help guide decision-making around forest management in the face of a changing climate.

scholarly journals Financing climate change in the conditions of the Slovak agricultural sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 02021
Author(s):  
Ivan Holúbek ◽  
Marián Tóth ◽  
Tomáš Rábek ◽  
Johana Jakabovičová
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
National Level ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
European Investment

Research background: Globalization is a powerful engine of structural changes in national, regional and global economies. Except for positive economic effects, globalization also has negative effects. One of them is the deterioration of the global environmental situation and the ongoing global climate change. Purpose of the article: The paper focuses on the current global financing trends to mitigate the effects of climate change. Generally financial funds come from international, national and regional actors. Governments have a range of funding mechanisms and resources at their disposal. Within the EU, these are the Structural Funds, investment funds and the financing from European Investment Bank. At the national level, it is financial assistance from state budgets and local government budgets. Methods: The paper provides literature review of the possibilities of financing climate change at the national and international level and, using analysis and synthesis, points to future trends and sources of financing climate change. We also analyse the proposal of Common agricultural policy 2021-2027 and effects on Slovak agriculture. European Commission wants member states to use up to 40% of the budget for environmental goods and climate change. Slovakia might have problems to spend the allocation due to the fact, that most of the money will be voluntary schemes. Farmers will have the option to participate. Findings & Value added: Agriculture is seriously exposed to the adverse effects of climate change as agricultural activities are directly depending on climate conditions. The article analyses in detail the possibilities and sources of financing adaptation measures in the Slovak agricultural sector.

Farmers’ perception, adaptation to groundwater salinity, and climate change vulnerability: insights from North India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Mitra ◽  
Pradeep K. Mehta ◽  
Sudipta Kumar Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Groundwater Salinity ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Successful Adaptation ◽  
Perceived Impacts ◽  
Negative Impacts

AbstractGroundwater salinity, caused by over-extraction and aggravated by climate change, negatively affects crop productivity and threatens global food security. Poor farmers are vulnerable due to low adaptive capacity. A better understanding of their perceptions and adaptation is important to inform policies for successful adaptation. This paper represents an important study by exploring the same in Mewat, a salinity-affected socioeconomically backward district of northern India. The study uses a mixed-method approach with both secondary data and a primary survey of 250 farmers. A large number of farmers perceived negative impacts on water, crop, income, and assets; and adapt in various ways like water management, crop, and land management, livelihood diversification, and shift towards surface water irrigation. Perceived impacts differed between richer and poorer farmers, whereas adaptation measures varied across the educational, social, and economic backgrounds of farmers. Lack of awareness, education, skill development, and livelihood-opportunities are found to be hindrances, whereas institutional and infrastructural support as facilitators of adaptation. Comparing the findings with global experiences we argued that developed countries intervene more in the policy level and infrastructure, whereas in developing countries, adaptation strategies are local, context-specific, and low-cost. The insights from our study will be useful for intervention in Mewat and similar areas across the developing world. We further argue that farmers take adaptation decisions based on perceived impacts and cost-benefit analysis. Therefore, future research work on quantifying the negative impacts and cost-benefit analysis of various adaptation measures will be useful to ensure successful adaptation in the region and beyond.

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN CITIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950014
Author(s):  
AMBIKA MARKANDAY ◽  
IBON GALARRAGA ◽  
ANIL MARKANDYA
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Policy Goals

This study systematically reviews the scientific literature ([Formula: see text]) on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of adaptation measures in cities and similar urban environments. The review is conducted to assess existing or proposed actions for dealing with impacts of drought, heat waves, sea-level rise, and pluvial and fluvial flooding. It includes over 30 measures related to structural, services, technological, informational and ecosystem-based approaches. The main findings demonstrate that CBA of adaptation measures across urban environments must contend with numerous long-term socioeconomic and climate change uncertainties. Subsequently, this has led to inconsistencies in valuation frameworks related to, for example, planning horizons, discount rates, non-market considerations and future scenarios. Results also indicate a clear gap in the literature on the economic valuation of adaptation measures in the Global South. Furthermore, few studies integrate equity dimensions while planning for adaptation. Extensions of CBA to account for key uncertainties will help policy makers to allocate (often scarce) resources more efficiently and limit the likelihood of maladaptation. Further inclusion of the magnitude and distributional effects of non-market impacts and greater civil society engagement in policy dialogues will also be vital for promoting just and equitable measures that balance adaptation alongside other policy goals such as mitigation, economic development, health and well-being.

scholarly journals Strengthening climate-resilient development and transformation in Viet Nam

2022 ◽  
Vol 170 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Rana ◽  
Qinhan Zhu ◽  
Annette Detken ◽  
Karina Whalley ◽  
Christelle Castet
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Risk Transfer

AbstractClimate change is presenting an ongoing and eminent threat to various regions, communities and infrastructure worldwide. In this study, the current and future climate impacts faced by Viet Nam due to Tropical Cyclones (TCs), specifically wind and surge, are evaluated, and different adaptation measures to manage this risk are appraised. The level of wind and storm surge risk was assessed focusing on three categories of assets: residential houses, agriculture, and people. The expected damage to these assets was then evaluated based on their exposure to the hazard under current and future climate scenarios. Physical adaptation measures such as mangroves, sea dykes, and gabions, and financial adaptation measures such as risk transfer via insurance were applied to the expected future risk and evaluated based on a socio-economic cost–benefit analysis. The output will give decision-makers the ability to make more informed decisions, prioritize the most cost-effective adaptation measures and increase physical and financial resilience. The results indicated significant TC exposure in future climate scenarios due to economic development and climate change that almost doubles the current expected damage. Surge-related damage was found to be many times higher than wind damage, and houses had more exposure (value in total) than agriculture on a national scale. The physical adaptation measures are successful in significantly reducing the future wind and especially surge risk and would form a resilient strategy along with risk transfer for managing TC risks in the region.

Strengthening climate-resilience in the Mekong Delta – an application of the Economics of Climate Adaption (ECA) methodology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Rana ◽  
David N. Bresch ◽  
Annette Detken ◽  
Maxime Souvignet
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Climate Risks

<p>Climate Change has presented an ongoing and eminent threat to various regions, communities and infrastructure worldwide and in-turn increasingly pressuring national and local governments to take action. In the current study we identify and evaluate climate impacts faced by the city of Can Tho in Vietnam and the broader Mekong Delta and appraise preparedness options to manage today’s as well as future climate risk. We first, identify the climate risks in co-operation with various local, national and international stakeholders in the region. This is done on the current and future time scales under Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs) as suggested in the current iteration of IPCC evaluation process. Based on these development pathways, we apply the Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) methodology to quantify the climate risks various sectors of the economy will be facing until 2050 with a focus on flood. Further we assess a range of possible adaption measures - including behavioral, environmental, physical as well as financial measures that can mitigate the identified risks by providing a cost-benefit analysis for each of the adaptation measures as well as for bundles thereof. The ECA methodology has proven to be an established tool to enhance our knowledge on the topic and its application in this specific context will enable stakeholders to strengthen societal resilience in the context of both socio-economic development and climate change.</p>

Economic effects of environmental quality change on recreational hunting in northwestern Saskatchewan: a contingent behaviour analysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Morton ◽  
W.L. Adamowicz ◽  
P.C. Boxall
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Welfare Measure ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Recreational Hunting ◽  
Integrated Forest Management

This study estimates changes in the value of a recreational hunting experience as road access, game populations, congestion, and travel distance change in the forest environment because of harvesting operations. Values were estimated using a model that considers changes in one or more environmental quality factors simultaneously. The model is a variant of the contingent valuation method that evaluates multiple environmental quality changes. The model is applied to big-game hunters in a particular forest management licence area in northern Saskatchewan. The results suggest that the welfare of these hunters increases with reductions in congestion and improvements in game populations and access levels. The annual value of those improvements that generate the highest welfare for moose and deer hunters ranges from about $12 000 to $19 000, depending on the welfare measure used. The highest values of welfare losses ranged from about −$2750 to −$19 500 depending on the welfare measure, and were associated with increases in congestion and decreases in access and game population levels. The methods and results presented in this paper suggest an approach for the values of nontimber products, such as recreational hunting, to be incorporated more explicitly in integrated forest management plans.

Economic effects of climate change on the Mediterranean’s irrigated agriculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Manuel de Sousa Fragoso ◽  
Carlos José de Almeida Noéme
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

Purpose This paper aims to assess the economic effects of climate change on the Mediterranean’s irrigated agriculture and how the adoption of alternative crop varieties adapted to the expected length of the growing season can be an effective adaptation measure. Design/methodology/approach A case study of two irrigation areas in Southern Portugal is used to assess the response to climate change impacts on crop yields and irrigation requirements, and an agricultural supply model is calibrated using a positive mathematical programming (PMP) approach was developed. Findings Climate change reduces crop yields and causes a slight decrease in irrigation requirements, which could allow an increase in the irrigated area. However, positive impacts on rural areas regarding employment and investment are not expected. The adoption of adaptation measures based on alternative crop varieties, which could maintain crop yields at current levels, increases dramatically the economic value of water and mitigates losses in farm income. Research limitations/implications The impacts on output and input market prices, as well as other biophysical impacts (for instance, CO2 and water availability), are important in understanding the effects of climate change on irrigated agriculture, but they were not considered in this study. While this may be a limitation, it can also be a stimulus for further research. Practical implications This is an empirical paper, whose results contribute to improving knowledge about the effects of climate change on irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean areas, namely, its economic impacts on returns and the use of agricultural resources (land, water, labour and capital). Other practical implications of the paper are associated with the methodological approach, which provides a framework able to deal with the complexity and multidimensional effects of climate change. Social implications The results of the paper provide important information for scientists, politicians and other stakeholders about the design of more effective adaptation measures able to mitigate the effects of climate change. Originality/value Crop yields and irrigation requirements were previously calculated based on data generated by the regional climate models. This is the first time that an application is developed for Portugal. Two distinct profiles of irrigation areas were studied and a large set of crops was considered, which is not common in the existing studies. To specify the PMP approach used to calibrate the agricultural supply model, exogenous crop-specific supply elasticities were estimated through a least square model, which is not common in previous studies.

WATER SCARCITY FROM CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION RESPONSE IN AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASIN CONTEXT

2015 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550004 ◽  
Author(s):  
JASON F.L. KOOPMAN ◽  
ONNO KUIK ◽  
RICHARD S.J. TOL ◽  
ROY BROUWER
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Substitution Effects ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Damage Costs ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
The Impact

We simulate and analyze the direct and indirect economic impacts of climate change on water availability for irrigation on the economy of the Netherlands and the other EU countries which share the Rhine and Meuse river basin (France, Germany and Belgium), employing a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We make use of the GTAP-W model, distinguishing between rainfed and irrigated land and irrigation water as input factors in agricultural production. We assess the scope of market adaptation to climate change by comparing the CGE results with the direct agricultural damage costs estimated using hydrological and crop growth models. We find considerable scope for market adaptation in that total economic impacts on agriculture are much lower when accounting for substitution effects and cross-sectoral and cross-country interlinkages, while the impact on the nonagricultural sectors becomes larger when these substitution effects and interlinkages are accounted for.

scholarly journals Strengthening Climate-Resilient Development and Transformation in Viet Nam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Rana ◽  
Zhu Qinhan ◽  
Annette Detken ◽  
Karina Whalley ◽  
Christelle Castet
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Risk Transfer

Abstract Climate change is presenting an ongoing and eminent threat to various regions, communities and infrastructure worldwide. In this study, the current and future climate impacts faced by Viet Nam due to Tropical Cyclones (TCs), specifically wind and surge, are evaluated, and different adaptation measures to manage this risk are appraised. The level of wind and storm surge risk was assessed focusing on three categories of assets: residential houses, agriculture, and people. The expected damage to these assets was then evaluated based on their exposure to the hazard under current and future climate scenarios. Physical adaptation measures such as mangroves, sea dykes, and gabions, and financial adaptation measures such as risk transfer via insurance were applied to the expected future risk and evaluated based on a socio-economic cost-benefit analysis. The output will give decision-makers the ability to make more informed decisions, prioritize the most cost-effective adaptation measures and increase physical and financial resilience. The results indicated significant TC exposure in future climate scenarios due to economic development and climate change that almost doubles the current expected damage. Surge-related damage was found to be many times higher than wind damage and houses had more exposure (value in total) than agriculture on a national scale. The physical adaptation measures are successful in significantly reducing the future wind and especially surge risk and would form a resilient strategy along with risk transfer for managing TC risks in the region.

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