Volume and Nutrient Transports Disturbed by the Typhoon Chebi (2013) in the Upwelling Zone East of Hainan Island, China

Using cruise observations before and after the typhoon Chebi in August 2013 and those without the typhoon in July 2012, this study investigates variations in current structure, nutrient distribution, and transports disturbed by a typhoon in a typical coastal upwelling zone east of Hainan Island in the northwestern South China Sea. The results show that along-shore northeastward flow dominates the coastal ocean with a volume transport of 0.64 × 106 m3/s in the case without the typhoon. The flow reversed southwestward, with its volume transport halved before the typhoon passage. After the typhoon passage, the flow returned back northeastward except the upper layer in waters deeper than 50 m and the total volume transport decreased to 0.10 × 106 m3/s. For the cross-shelf component, the flow kept shoreward, while transports crossing the 50 m isobath decreased from 0.25, 0.12 to 0.06 × 106 m3/s in the case without the typhoon as well as before and after typhoon passage, respectively. For the along-shore/cross-shelf nutrient transports, SiO32− has the largest value of 866.13/632.74 μmol/s per unit area, NO3− half of that, and PO43− and NO2− one order smaller in the offshore water without the typhoon. The values dramatically decreased to about one-third for SiO32−, NO3−, and PO43− after the typhoon, but changed little for NO2−. The disturbed wind field and associated Ekman flow and upwelling process may explain the variations in the current and nutrient transports after the typhoon.

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Response of Coastal Upwelling East of Hainan Island in the South China Sea to Sudden Impact and Long-Term Variability of Atmospheric Forcing

Estuaries and Coastal Zones - Dynamics and Response to Environmental Changes ◽

10.5772/intechopen.88828 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lingling Xie ◽

Mingming Li

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Hainan Island ◽

The South China Sea ◽

Atmospheric Forcing ◽

The South ◽

China Sea

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Beijing’s Leading Indigenous and Expat Jazz Musicians

Jazz in China ◽

10.14325/mississippi/9781496817990.003.0014 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 155-178

Author(s):

Eugene Marlow

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South China Sea ◽

Classical Music ◽

Hainan Island ◽

The United States ◽

Chinese Music ◽

Before And After ◽

Jazz History ◽

Jazz Musician ◽

Contemporary Chinese

This chapter focuses on jazz musicians in Beijing. While Shanghai owned China's jazz history spotlight in the first half of the twentieth century, Beijing is not without its own indigenous leading lights, musically speaking. Some have been trained in classical music in China and in the United States and have returned to Beijing to perform; others are self-taught. Many are young; some have been around before and after Mao. All are devoted to the music. In Beijing, saxophonist Fan Shengqi is by all accounts the most enduring jazz musician who performed before, during and after Mao. His involvement in the contemporary Chinese music scene is reflected in his participation in China's first guitar festival, held in August 2005 on what is described as “scenic Hainan Island” located in the South China Sea.

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Acidification mediated by a river plume and coastal upwelling on a fringing reef at the east coast of Hainan Island, Northern South China Sea

Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans ◽

10.1002/2017jc013228 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 122 (9) ◽

pp. 7521-7536 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xu Dong ◽

Haining Huang ◽

Nan Zheng ◽

Aijun Pan ◽

Sumin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

East Coast ◽

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Northern South China Sea ◽

Hainan Island ◽

River Plume ◽

Fringing Reef ◽

China Sea

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Evaluation of HRCLDAS and ERA5 Datasets for Near-Surface Wind over Hainan Island and South China Sea

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12060766 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 766

Author(s):

Yi Jiang ◽

Shuai Han ◽

Chunxiang Shi ◽

Tao Gao ◽

Honghui Zhen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Hainan Island ◽

The South China Sea ◽

Wind Data ◽

The South ◽

Near Surface ◽

China Sea

Near-surface wind data are particularly important for Hainan Island and the South China Sea, and there is a wide range of wind data sources. A detailed understanding of the reliability of these datasets can help us to carry out related research. In this study, the hourly near-surface wind data from the High-Resolution China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Land Data Assimilation System (HRCLDAS) and the fifth-generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis data (ERA5) were evaluated by comparison with the ground automatic meteorological observation data for Hainan Island and the South China Sea. The results are as follows: (1) the HRCLDAS and ERA5 near-surface wind data trend was basically the same as the observation data trend, but there was a smaller bias, smaller root-mean-square errors, and higher correlation coefficients between the near-surface wind data from HRCLDAS and the observations; (2) the quality of HRCLDAS and ERA5 near-surface wind data was better over the islands of the South China Sea than over Hainan Island land. However, over the coastal areas of Hainan Island and island stations near Sansha, the quality of the HRCLDAS near-surface wind data was better than that of ERA5; (3) the quality of HRCLDAS near-surface wind data was better than that of ERA5 over different types of landforms. The deviation of ERA5 and HRCLDAS wind speed was the largest along the coast, and the quality of the ERA5 wind direction data was poorest over the mountains, whereas that of HRCLDAS was poorest over hilly areas; (4) the accuracy of HRCLDAS at all wind levels was higher than that of ERA5. ERA5 significantly overestimated low-grade winds and underestimated high-grade winds. The accuracy of HRCLDAS wind ratings over the islands of the South China Sea was significantly higher than that over Hainan Island land, especially for the higher wind ratings; and (5) in the typhoon process, the simulation of wind by HRCLDAS was closer to the observations, and its simulation of higher wind speeds was more accurate than the ERA5 simulations.

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Seasonal Variability of SST Fronts in the Inner Sea of Chiloé and Its Adjacent Coastal Ocean, Northern Patagonia

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13020181 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 181

Author(s):

Gonzalo S. Saldías ◽

Wilber Hernández ◽

Carlos Lara ◽

Richard Muñoz ◽

Cristian Rojas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Environmental Variability ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Coastal Ocean ◽

Dominant Mode ◽

Early Summer ◽

High Biological Activity ◽

Northern Patagonia ◽

Sst Gradient ◽

Sst Fronts

Surface oceanic fronts are regions characterized by high biological activity. Here, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) fronts are analyzed for the period 2003–2019 using the Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) SST product in northern Patagonia, a coastal region with high environmental variability through river discharges and coastal upwelling events. SST gradient magnitudes were maximum off Chiloé Island in summer and fall, coherent with the highest frontal probability in the coastal oceanic area, which would correspond to the formation of a coastal upwelling front in the meridional direction. Increased gradient magnitudes in the Inner Sea of Chiloé (ISC) were found primarily in spring and summer. The frontal probability analysis revealed the highest occurrences were confined to the northern area (north of Desertores Islands) and around the southern border of Boca del Guafo. An Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis was performed to clarify the dominant modes of variability in SST gradient magnitudes. The meridional coastal fronts explained the dominant mode (78% of the variance) off Chiloé Island, which dominates in summer, whereas the SST fronts inside the ISC (second mode; 15.8%) were found to dominate in spring and early summer (October–January). Future efforts are suggested focusing on high frontal probability areas to study the vertical structure and variability of the coastal fronts in the ISC and its adjacent coastal ocean.

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Diagnosis of 3D Vertical Circulation in the Upwelling and Frontal Zones East of Hainan Island, China

Journal of Physical Oceanography ◽

10.1175/jpo-d-16-0192.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 755-774 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lingling Xie ◽

Enric Pallàs-Sanz ◽

Quanan Zheng ◽

Shuwen Zhang ◽

Xiaolong Zong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Frontal Zone ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Subsurface Layer ◽

Vertical Mixing ◽

Hainan Island ◽

Eddy Diffusivity ◽

Vertical Circulation ◽

Forcing Term ◽

Advection Term

AbstractUsing the generalized omega equation and cruise observations in July 2012, this study analyzes the 3D vertical circulation in the upwelling region and frontal zone east of Hainan Island, China. The results show that there is a strong frontal zone in subsurface layer along the 100-m isobath, which is characterized by density gradient of O(10−4) kg m−4 and vertical eddy diffusivity of O(10−5–10−4) m2 s−1. The kinematic deformation term SDEF, ageostrophic advection term SADV, and vertical mixing forcing term SMIX are calculated from the observations. Their distribution patterns are featured by banded structure, that is, alternating positive–negative alongshore bands distributed in the cross-shelf direction. Correspondingly, alternating upwelling and downwelling bands appear from the coast to the deep waters. The maximum downward velocity reaches −5 × 10−5 m s−1 within the frontal zone, accompanied by the maximum upward velocity of 7 × 10−5 m s−1 on two sides. The dynamic diagnosis indicates that SADV contributes most to the coastal upwelling, while term SDEF, which is dominated by the ageostrophic component SDEFa, plays a dominant role in the frontal zone. The vertical mixing forcing term SMIX, which includes the momentum and buoyancy flux terms SMOM and SBUO, is comparable to SDEF and SADV in the upper ocean, but negligible below the thermocline. The effect of the vertical mixing on the vertical velocity is mainly concentrated at depths with relatively large eddy diffusivity and eddy diffusivity gradient in the frontal zone.

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