Keratinases Produced by Aspergillus stelliformis, Aspergillus sydowii, and Fusarium brachygibbosum Isolated from Human Hair: Yield and Activity

Twenty fungal strains belonging to 17 species and isolated from male scalp hair were tested for their capacity to hydrolyze keratinous material from chicken feather. The identification of the three most efficient species was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. Activities of fungal keratinases produced by Aspergillus stelliformis (strain AUMC 10920), A. sydowii (AUMC 10935), and Fusarium brachygibbosum (AUMC 10937) were 113, 120, and 130 IU mg−1 enzymes, respectively. The most favorable conditions were at pH 8.0 and 50 °C. Keratinase activity was markedly inhibited by EDTA and metal ions Ca+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2, Fe+2, Mg+2, and Zn+2, with differences between the fungal species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the activity of keratinase produced by A. stelliformis, A. sydowii, and F. brachygibbosum. F. brachygibbosum keratinase was the most active, but the species is not recommended because of its known phytopathogenicty. Aspergillus sydowii has many known biotechnological solutions and here we add another application of the species, as producer of keratinases. We introduce A. stelliformis as new producer of active fungal keratinases for biotechnological solutions, such as in the management of keratinous waste in poultry industry.

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Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v12i4.2398 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 568-574

Author(s):

Jitendra Kumar ◽

Ranjana Yadav

Keyword(s):

Human Hair ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Keratinophilic Fungi ◽

Chicken Feather ◽

High Quality Protein ◽

Keratinous Waste ◽

Degradation Activity ◽

Waste Degradation ◽

Chrysosporium Tropicum ◽

Made In

Development in food industry increases consumption of chicken by people and it is estimated that tons of poultry feathers are produced by poultry farms. Hairs are other forms of keratinous waste which is generated in huge amounts by leather industries and parlours worldwide. Chicken feathers and hairs are waste contains high-quality protein, hard to degraded. Eleven nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soil by hair baiting method and were used to deteriorate hairs and feathers. Pictographic authentication showed that the microbial incidence started with surface colonization of keratinous substrate, mechanical interference of substrate by penetrating hyphae and development of broad perforating organs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of degraded and undegraded hair and the feather was made. In the sulphoxide region at 1073, the band corresponding to S-O was observed with low intensity and poorly visible in control feathers, while in degraded feather intensity of the band was high in case of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium tropicum. In Hairs, S-O band was more intense in C indicum as compared to C. tropicum while it was absent in undegraded human hair. The present work observed keratin degradation activity on human hair and chicken feather by FTIR spectra which are useful in the study of structure and mechanism of keratinolysis. Keratinous waste degradation has great potential to convert them into various byproducts such as enzymes, amino acids, biofertilizer and animal feed.

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Genetic Profiling of Aspergillus Isolates with Varying Aflatoxin Production Potential from Different Maize-Growing Regions of Kenya

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11080467 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 467

Author(s):

Richard Dooso Oloo ◽

Sheila Okoth ◽

Peter Wachira ◽

Samuel Mutiga ◽

Phillis Ochieng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Its Region ◽

Aflatoxin Production ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽

Production Potential ◽

Genetic Profiling ◽

Obvious Association ◽

Toxigenic Strains

Highly toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus have been reported to frequently contaminate maize, causing fatal aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. To gain insights into the environmental and genetic factors that influence toxigenicity, fungi (n = 218) that were culturally identified as A. flavus were isolated from maize grains samples (n = 120) from three regions of Kenya. The fungi were further characterized to confirm their identities using a PCR-sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA which also revealed all of them to be A. flavus. A subset of 72 isolates representing ITS sequence-based phylogeny cluster and the agroecological origin of maize samples was constituted for subsequent analysis. The analysis of partial calmodulin gene sequences showed that the subset consisted of A. flavus (87%) and Aspergillus minisclerotigenes (13%). No obvious association was detected between the presence of seven aflatoxin biosynthesis genes and fungal species or region. However, the presence of the aflD and aflS genes showed some association with aflatoxin production. The assessment of toxigenicity showed higher aflatoxin production potential in A. minisclerotigenes isolates. Given that A. minisclerotigenes were mainly observed in maize samples from Eastern Kenya, a known aflatoxin hotspot, we speculate that production of copious aflatoxin is an adaptative trait of this recently discovered species in the region.

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Rickenella danxiashanensis, a new bryophilous agaric from China

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.350.3.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 350 (3) ◽

pp. 283 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MING ZHANG ◽

TAI-HUI LI ◽

FANG CHEN

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

New Species ◽

Related Species ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Its Region ◽

Distinct Species ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Taxonomic Position

A new fungal species growing on moss bed, Rickenella danxiashanensis, is described, illustrated and compared with phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by its omphalinoid basidiomata, yellow to deep orange pileus, decurrent lamellae, abundant lageniform to obclavate cystidia on cap and stipe surface, and small basidiospores (3.5–)4–6 × 3–4 μm. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region recognized it as a distinct species, which contribute to settle its taxonomic position in genus Rickenella.

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Morphological and molecular identification of a new species of Cinereomyces (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in southern China

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 459 (1) ◽

pp. 51-60

Author(s):

RUN-ZHI WANG ◽

ZHI-YONG YUAN ◽

CHANG-ZHI HAN ◽

CHANG-LIN ZHAO

Keyword(s):

Ribosomal Rna ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Southern China ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Its Region ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Monophyletic Lineage ◽

Inference Methods ◽

A New Species

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal species, Cinereomyces fimbriatus sp. nov., is proposed based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The species is characterized by resupinate, brittle basidiomata with cream pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, broad allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores (3.6–4.6 × 0.8–1.1 µm). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences showed that C. fimbriatus formed a monophyletic lineage with strong supports (100% BS, 100% BT, 1.00 BPP) sister to C. lindbladii.

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Morphological and molecular identification of four new resupinate species of Lyomyces (Hymenochaetales) from southern China

MycoKeys ◽

10.3897/mycokeys.65.48660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

pp. 101-118

Author(s):

Jun-Zhu Chen ◽

Chang-Lin Zhao

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Molecular Identification ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Southern China ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Its Region ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Thin Walled

Four new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Lyomyces bambusinus, L. cremeus, L. macrosporus and L. wuliangshanensis, are proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Lyomyces bambusinus is characterized by resupinate basidiomata with colliculose to tuberculate hymenial surface and broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores. Lyomyces cremeus is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with smooth, cream hymenial surface and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled basidiospores. Lyomyces macrosporus is characterized by pruinose basidiomata with reticulate hymenial surface, presence of three kinds of cystidia and larger basidiospores (6.7–8.9 × 4.4–5.4 µm). Lyomyces wuliangshanensis is characterized by coriaceous basidiomata and ellipsoid, hyaline, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences revealed that the four new species belonged to Lyomyces. Lyomyces bambusinus grouped with L. sambuci. Lyomyces cremeus clade was sister to a clade comprised of L. microfasciculatus. Lyomyces macrosporus was sister to L. allantosporus. Lyomyces wuliangshanensis was closely related to L. mascarensis.

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Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) as Dna Barcoding to Identify Fungal Species: a Review

SQUALEN Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology ◽

10.15578/squalen.v11i2.213 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nurrahmi Dewi Fajarningsih

Keyword(s):

Dna Barcoding ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Dna Barcode ◽

Its Region ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Species Level ◽

Coding Region ◽

Living Things ◽

Fungal Identification

Despite the fact that fungi are important sources of both bioactive compounds and mycotoxins, and that they are very ubiquitous in our environment, their species identification is hampered by incomplete and often unclear literature. Fungi identification is primarily based on their phenotypic and physiological characteristics. Nowadays, many molecular methods to identify fungal species have been developed. One of the methods considered as a new concept to rapidly and accurately identify unknown fungal sample is DNA Barcoding. This literature review will outline the use of DNA barcoding approach to rapidly identify fungal species and the use of ITS region that recently has been designated as primary DNA barcode for fungal kingdom. “DNA barcode” is a short, highly variable and standardized DNA region with approximately 700 nucleotides in length, which is used as a unique pattern to identify living things. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of nuclear DNA (rDNA) has become the most sequenced region to identify fungal taxonomy at species level, and even within species. ITS region is a highly polymorphic non-coding region with enough taxonomic units. Therefore, it is able to separate sequences into species level. Even though ribosomal ITS as a universal barcode marker for fungi is still hampered by few limitations, the ITS will remain as the key choice for fungal identification. The search for alternative regions as DNA marker to improve fungal identification, especially in specific heredities, has already started.

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Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review

Food Production, Processing and Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s43014-021-00064-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abhishek Kumar ◽

Hardik Pathak ◽

Seema Bhadauria ◽

Jebi Sudan

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Food Crops ◽

Farming Practices ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Food Commodities ◽

Post Harvesting ◽

Favorable Conditions

AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and molds. Under favorable conditions like high temperature and moisture, they contaminate a large number of food commodities and regional crops during pre and post-harvesting. Aflatoxin is the main mycotoxin that harm animal and human health due to its carcinogenic nature. Aflatoxins are mainly released by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. AFB1 constitutes the most harmful type of aflatoxins and is a potent hepato-carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and it suppresses the immune system. To maintain food safety and to prevent aflatoxin contamination in food crops, combined approaches of using resistant varieties along with recommended farming practices should be followed. This review concentrates on various aspects of mycotoxin contamination in crops and recent methods to prevent or minimize the contamination.

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Morpho-molecular identification and first report of Fusarium equiseti in causing chilli wilt from Kashmir (Northern Himalayas)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82854-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ammarah Hami ◽

Rovidha S. Rasool ◽

Nisar A. Khan ◽

Sheikh Mansoor ◽

Mudasir A. Mir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Barcoding ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Its Region ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Kashmir Valley ◽

Fusarium Equiseti ◽

Infected Root ◽

Fusarium Sp ◽

High Degree

AbstractChilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most significant vegetable and spice crop. Wilt caused by Fusarium Sp. has emerged as a serious problem in chilli production. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is widely used as a DNA barcoding marker to characterize the diversity and composition of Fusarium communities. ITS regions are heavily used in both molecular methods and ecological studies of fungi, because of its high degree of interspecific variability, conserved primer sites and multiple copy nature in the genome. In the present study we focused on morphological and molecular characterization of pathogen causing chilli wilt. Chilli plants were collected from four districts of Kashmir valley of Himalayan region. Pathogens were isolated from infected root and stem of the plants. Isolated pathogens were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR amplification. The amplified product was sequenced and three different wilt causing fungal isolates were obtained which are reported in the current investigation. In addition to Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, a new fungal species was found in association with the chilli wilt in Kashmir valley viz., Fusarium equiseti that has never been reported before from this region. The studies were confirmed by pathogenicity test and re-confirmation by DNA barcoding.

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Infundibulicybe rufa sp. nov. (Tricholomataceae), a reddish brown species from southwestern China

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.266.2.7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 266 (2) ◽

pp. 134 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

QI ZHAO ◽

YAN-JIA HAO ◽

JIAN-KUI LIU ◽

KEVIN D. HYDE ◽

YANG-YANG CUI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Biosphere Reserve ◽

Its Region ◽

Southwestern China ◽

New Taxon ◽

Line Drawings ◽

Phylogenetic Placement ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Pileus Surface

Infundibulicybe rufa sp. nov., is described from Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve, southwestern China. It is characterized by the combination of the following characters: umbilicate to slightly infundibuliform, reddish brown pileus; decurrent, cream lamellae; cylindrical stipe concolorous with the pileus surface. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region indicates that I. rufa is closely related to I. mediterranea and I. bresadolana. A description, line drawings, phylogenetic placement and comparison with allied taxa for the new taxon are presented.

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Higher-level relationships among the eucalypts are resolved by ITS-sequence data

Australian Systematic Botany ◽

10.1071/sb00039 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Dorothy A. Steane ◽

Dean Nicolle ◽

Gay E. McKinnon ◽

René E. Vaillancourt ◽

Brad M. Potts

Keyword(s):

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Its Region ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽

Its Sequence ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

Single Section ◽

Western Australian ◽

Genus Eucalyptus

This expanded survey of ITS sequences represents the largest analysis of molecular data ever attempted on Eucalyptus. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were included in an analysis of 90 species of Eucalyptus s.s. and 28 species representing eight other genera (Allosyncarpia, Angophora, Arillastrum, Corymbia, Eucalyptopsis, Stockwellia, Lophostemon and Metrosideros). The results of the study indicate that Angophora and Corymbia form a well-supported clade that is highly differentiated from Eucalyptus s.s. Corymbia species are divided between two clades, one of which may be the sister to Angophora. Allosyncarpia, Arillastrum, Eucalyptopsis and ‘Stockwellia’ are also highly differentiated from Eucalyptus s.s. If the genus Eucalyptus is to be expanded to include Angophora and Corymbia(sensu Brooker 2000), ITS data suggest that Allosyncarpia, Eucalyptopsis, ‘Stockwellia’ and potentially Arillastrum should also be included in Eucalyptus s.l. The ITS data suggest that subg. Symphyomyrtus is paraphyletic and that subg. Minutifructus should be included within it. Within subg.Symphyomyrtus, only sect. Maidenaria appears to be monophyletic. Sections Adnataria and Dumaria are probably monophyletic; sections Exsertaria and Latoangulatae are very close and probably should be combined in a single section. Section Bisectae is polyphyletic and is divided into two distinct lineages. The phylogenetic groups depicted by ITS data are consistent with the frequency of natural inter-specific hybridisations as well as data from controlled crosses within subgenus Symphyomyrtus. The ITS data illustrate that subg. Idiogenes and western Australian monocalypts are early evolutionary lines relative to E. diversifolia, E. rubiginosa (monotypic subg. Primitiva) and the eastern monocalypts and that subg. Primitiva should be sunk into subg. Eucalyptus. Subgenus Eudesmia may be monophyletic, grouping with subgenera Idiogenes and Eucalyptus. Further work is required to confirm the phylogenetic positions of the monotypic subgenera Alveolata, Cruciformes, Acerosae and Cuboidea.

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