scholarly journals Trunk Surgery as a Tool to Reduce Foliar Symptoms in Diseases of the Esca Complex and Its Influence on Vine Wood Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
Andrea Pacetti ◽  
Samuele Moretti ◽  
Catia Pinto ◽  
Stéphane Compant ◽  
Sibylle Farine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Symptom Reduction ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Biochemical Pathway ◽  
Leaf Stripe ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Fomitiporia Mediterranea

In the last few years, trunk surgery has gained increasing attention as a method to reduce foliar symptoms typical of some of the Esca complex diseases. The technique relies on the mechanical removal of decayed wood by a chainsaw. A study on a 14-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard was carried out to validate the efficacy of trunk surgery and explore possible explanations behind it. Three levels of treatment were applied to three of the most characteristic symptoms associated with some diseases of the Esca complex, such as leaf stripe symptoms (LS), wilted shoots (WS) and apoplexy (APP). The most promising results were obtained by complete trunk surgery, where the larger decay removal allowed lower symptom re-expression. According to the wood types analyzed (decay, medium and sound wood), different changes in microbiota were observed. Alpha-diversity generally decreased for bacteria and increased for fungi. More specifically, main changes were observed for Fomitiporia mediterranea abundance that decreased considerably after trunk surgery. A possible explanation for LS symptom reduction after trunk surgery could be the microbiota shifting caused by the technique itself affecting a microbic-shared biochemical pathway involved in symptom expression.

scholarly journals Wood necrosis in esca-affected vines: types, relationships and possible links with foliar symptom expression

OENO One ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Névile Maher ◽  
J. Piot ◽  
Sylvie Bastien ◽  
Jessica Vallance ◽  
Patrice Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Esca Disease ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Internal Necrosis

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: Esca disease of grapevine is characterised by foliar symptoms associated with the development of various internal wood necroses. The aims of the present study are to determine the type and the quantity of necroses in the various woody compartments of vines, the relationships between them and the links between necroses and severity of foliar symptoms.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Symptomatic and asymptomatic vines cv Cabernet- Sauvignon were cross-sectioned to quantify the different types of internal necrosis in the scions (cordons, heads, and trunks) and rootstocks. Five necrosis « variables » were accounted for: central necrosis, sectorial necrosis, mixed necrosis, white rot, altered perimeter and in addition to the variable healing cone. In the scion, for all types of necrosis variables, a significant correlation between compartments was found. Vines with acute foliar form of esca had very advanced peripheral tissue degradations in the xylem and cambial zones. Chronic foliar expression of esca was associated with quantity of internal necroses higher than those obtained for asymptomatic vines. A logistic model indicated that white rot in the cordons was the best predictor for the chronic form of esca.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Necroses formed a continuum within the plant. The scion is like a single unit with a volume of necroses useful to determine the health status of vines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: A quantitative analysis of vine internal necroses would open up new possibilities for esca-epidemic approaches.</p>

Effect of Potato virus Y on Yield of Three Potato Cultivars Grown Under Different Nitrogen Levels

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. Whitworth ◽  
Phil Nolte ◽  
Chris McIntosh ◽  
Robert Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Potato Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Russet Norkotah ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Significant Yield

Previous studies have shown that Potato virus Y (PVY) reduces yield in many cultivars. Typical foliar symptoms can include veinal necrosis, leaf drop, and a mosaic pattern sometimes accompanied by leaf roughness. Infection by PVY in Russet Burbank produces identifiable PVY symptoms, whereas cv. Russet Norkotah expresses mild, almost latent symptoms. Yield also is influenced by nitrogen fertilizer levels. This research was conducted to determine whether increased nitrogen mitigates yield reduction caused by PVY. Russet Norkotah, CO80011-5, and Russet Burbank were used in replicated plots of non-PVY-infected and PVY-infected plants at three nitrogen levels in 1995 and 1996. There was a significant yield reduction between PVY-negative and PVY-positive plots in all cultivars, at most nitrogen levels. PVY yield reduction was similar (approximately 38%) in the mild symptom expression clones of Russet Norkotah and CO80011-5, whereas the yield reduction in Russet Burbank, which exhibits typical symptom expression, was 63.5%. We conclude that increased nitrogen can influence total yield, but does not significantly mitigate the yield reduction due to PVY infection.

scholarly journals A Novel Genetic Variant of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) from Idaho Grapevines

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon D. Thompson ◽  
Jennifer Dahan ◽  
Jungmin Lee ◽  
Robert R. Martin ◽  
Alexander V. Karasev
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Wine Grapes ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Major Constraint

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) is a major constraint on profitable grapevine cultivation. The virus is transmitted efficiently by mealybugs and soft scale insects, or through vegetative propagation by cuttings, and is present worldwide, wherever grapevines are grown. GLRaV-3 exists as a complex of genetic variants currently classified in several phylogenetic groups that can differ from each other by as much as 30% in nucleotide sequence of the whole genome. In the course of the GLRaV-3 testing of wine grapes in southern Idaho, plants of two grapevine cultivars were found to harbor a novel genetic variant of GLRaV-3, named ID45, which exhibited ≤80% nucleotide sequence identity level to the known GLRaV-3 isolates in its most conserved HSP70h gene. The ID45 variant caused no foliar symptoms in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ in the fall, and was demonstrated to have poor reactivity to commercial virus-specific antibodies. The entire 18,478-nt genome sequence of the GLRaV-3-ID45 was determined using a combination of high-throughput and conventional Sanger sequencing, and demonstrated to have typical organization for the genus Ampelovirus (family Closteroviridae), with only 70 to 77% identity level to the GLRaV-3 genomes from other established phylogroups. We concluded that ID45 represented a new phylogenetic group IX of GLRaV-3. Database search using ID45 nucleotide sequence as a query suggested that this novel ID45 variant is present in at least one other grape-growing state in the U.S., California, and in Brazil. An RT-PCR based test was developed to distinguish ID45 from the predominant GLRaV-3 phylogroup I found in Idaho in single and mixed infections.

scholarly journals The Influence of Climate on Foliar Symptoms of Eutypa Dieback in Grapevines

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 1284-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sosnowski ◽  
D. Shtienberg ◽  
M. L. Creaser ◽  
T. J. Wicks ◽  
R. Lardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Very High

Foliar symptoms of Eutypa dieback, caused by Eutypa lata, in grapevines, cv. Shiraz, varied from year to year in a 6-year study conducted in South Australia and, although trends were similar for vineyards within geographical regions, differences were observed between regions. We attempted to elucidate the causes underlying this variation and hypothesized that it was influenced by climatic factors. A number of possible relationships were identified between climate and symptom expression: (i) increased symptom expression was related to increased winter rainfall 18 months earlier, (ii) decreased disease incidence and prevalence were related to increased temperature in spring, and (iii) a reduction in disease incidence was related to both very high and very low rainfall in October. Theories for these relationships are proposed and require further investigation. A conceptual model was developed which requires validation and has the potential to predict the incidence of foliar symptoms of Eutypa dieback. Information from this study could lead to an improved integrated pest management system to suppress foliar symptoms and sustain productivity of vines infected with E. lata.

scholarly journals Impact of grafting type on Esca foliar symptoms

OENO One ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Séverine Mary ◽  
Coralie Laveau ◽  
Pascal Lecomte ◽  
Marc Birebent ◽  
Jean-Philippe Roby
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of the survey was to investigate if the grafting type influences the foliar expression of Esca during summer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and Results:</strong> Observations were conducted on plots distributed in two French winegrowing regions (two different climatic regions) with two varieties (Cabernet-Sauvignon in the Bordeaux region and Mourvèdre in Provence). Three grafting types were compared: Omega graft, Whip and Tongue graft, and full cleft graft. For both varieties, we found a significant effect of the type of grafting on the foliar development of Esca symptoms. Full cleft grafted plots showed a significantly lower percentage of Esca foliar symptoms than the other two modalities, which were not significantly different from one another. Concerning Omega grafted plots, a significant difference in the rate of Esca foliar symptoms was highlighted compared to full cleft grafted plots, with a higher rate on Omega grafted plots, but these plots were also younger.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study established, for the first time, the difference between full cleft field grafted plots and Omega and Whip and Tongue grafted plots, revealing a higher incidence of Esca on the latter types of grafting.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study:</strong> The spread of mechanical graft could be one of the factors explaining the increasing incidence of Esca in vineyard.</p>

scholarly journals Short-term Response of Seven Pine Species to Sodium Chloride Spray

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
A.M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Salt Spray ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Pinus Aristata ◽  
Term Response

Six 5-needled pines (Pinus aristata Engelm., P. cembra L., P. parviflora Seib & Zuccc., P. peuce Griseb., P. strobiformis Engelm., and P. strobus L.) and one 2-needled pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) sprayed with a 2% NaCl solution for 10 days showed differences in percent browning, internal and external Cl− concentrations, and survival. Salt-sprayed seedlings of P. thunbergii (a well-known salt tolerant species) and P. cembra showed the least foliar damage, lowest external Cl− concentranons, and best survival. Internal Cl− concentrations were significantly lower for P. thunbergii than for all other species. Pinus strobus, P. peuce, and P. aristata showed a large degree of foliar symptoms and the highest internal Cl− concentrations. Pinus strobiformis and P. parviflora were intermediate in symptom expression and in internal concentrations of Cl−. Of the 5-needled species, P. cembra appeared most tolerant to salt spray.

scholarly journals Current knowledge on Grapevine Trunk Diseases with complex etiology: a systemic approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-53
Author(s):  
Marion CLAVERIE ◽  
Martin NOTARO ◽  
Florence FONTAINE ◽  
Jacques WERY
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Among all causes of grapevine decline, Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) are major concerns for grape growers. This paper reviews knowledge and proposes hypotheses on two major GTDs, esca and Botryosphaeria dieback, and assembles a conceptual model. The objective was to collect information into a sequence, from grapevine nursery propagation processes, through foliar symptom expression, to plant death in mature vineyards. Pathogen infection and colonization steps in woody vine tissues, and the hypotheses that have been formulated to explain the outburst of foliar symptoms, are reported and discussed. Factors that could aggravate or repress GTD symptoms and incidence expansion are also addressed. Vine physiology and pathology together could expand understanding of these diseases. Knowledge and hypotheses that need validation are summarized, and a conceptual model is proposed to explain the occurrence of symptoms and the influencing factors. The model could be useful to cope with the complexity of GTDs, and as a starting point for research to unravel knowledge gaps and suggest new disease management strategies.

Leaf stripe form of esca induces alteration of photosynthesis and defence reactions in presymptomatic leaves

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryline Magnin-Robert ◽  
Patricia Letousey ◽  
Alessandro Spagnolo ◽  
Fanja Rabenoelina ◽  
Lucile Jacquens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Leaf Stripe ◽  
Defence Reactions

Esca is a destructive disease in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) caused by at least three fungi and characterised by two different external symptoms, the apoplectic and leaf stripe form. This latter form can be discerned as soon as symptoms become visible, but the preceding discrete signs during incubation are poorly or not understood. To further understand the development of the leaf stripe form, the period preceding and following the appearance of symptoms was investigated by studying physiological and molecular markers associated with photosynthetic mechanisms and stress response. No perturbation of any targeted metabolism was observed in asymptomatic leaves of asymptomatic canes from vines showing the leaf stripe form of esca. Conversely, drastic alterations of photosynthesis functions were registered in presymptomatic leaves, as revealed by the decrease of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, and the repression of photosynthesis-related genes. These alterations were amplified during symptom development. Expression of defence-related genes was affected and detected early in presymptomatic leaves and amplified during symptom expression. Our results suggest that grapevines may react precociously by reducing photosynthesis and triggering defence mechanisms in response to the leaf stripe form of esca.

scholarly journals Foliar Symptom Expression of Wood Decay in Actinidia deliciosa in Relation to Environmental Factors

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1150-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Di Marco ◽  
Fabio Osti
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Symptom ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Wood Deterioration ◽  
First Time

Kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) have recently been affected by a new form of decay caused by several fungi that produce different types of wood deterioration in the trunk and cordons. Surveys were conducted over a period of 5 years to investigate epidemiological aspects of the disease in a typical Italian growing area (Emilia-Romagna), where kiwifruit is widely cultivated and where the disease was noted for the first time. The disease was widespread over the kiwifruit growing area surveyed, and its incidence increased over the course of the survey. No relationship was found between vineyard soil characteristics or management methods and the annual incidence of symptomatic vines. Foliar symptoms did not consistently express every season even on obviously infected vines. The time of appearance and the development of the disease were correlated with plant phenology and temperature. In particular, from June to August, temperature seemed to affect the annual incidence of the disease in terms of both symptomatic shoots and symptomatic vines. The aspects in common between the decay of kiwifruit and esca of grapevine could be hypothesized and are discussed.

Foliar Symptom Expression in Association with Early Infection and Xylem Colonization by Fusarium virguliforme (formerly F. solani f. sp. glycines), the Causal Agent of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrishail S. Navi ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Fusarium Virguliforme ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Symptom

Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium virguliforme (FV), is a root disease that results in severe foliar symptoms during the reproductive stage. In a regular growing season, an epidemic of SDS is highly correlated with the planting date and the disease tends to be more severe in earlier planted soybeans. Occurrence of infection early in the season is likely to result in colonization in the xylem and phloem tissues, a process essential for foliar symptom expression because xylem tissues are upward pathways in soybean plants. To demonstrate the biology of this infection, we used an effective and quantifiable seedling inoculation technique in which germinated seeds in a Petri dish were spray-inoculated with conidial suspension before being transplanted. Plants that had foliar symptoms showed both external and internal discolored taproots and basal stems, while plants with no foliar symptoms had only superficial discoloration. Microtome sectioning of taproots of plants that had foliar symptoms revealed the presence of fungal structures in both xylem and phloem tissues, while plants that had no foliar symptoms revealed fungal structures only in phloem tissue. A scanning electron microscope study showed a higher penetration frequency of FV near the root-cap zone where few or no root hairs of the radicle were found. These results indicate that fungal penetration into the xylem tissue plays a role in foliar symptom expression. Accepted for publication 10 December 2007. Published 22 February 2008.

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