Current knowledge on Grapevine Trunk Diseases with complex etiology: a systemic approach

Among all causes of grapevine decline, Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) are major concerns for grape growers. This paper reviews knowledge and proposes hypotheses on two major GTDs, esca and Botryosphaeria dieback, and assembles a conceptual model. The objective was to collect information into a sequence, from grapevine nursery propagation processes, through foliar symptom expression, to plant death in mature vineyards. Pathogen infection and colonization steps in woody vine tissues, and the hypotheses that have been formulated to explain the outburst of foliar symptoms, are reported and discussed. Factors that could aggravate or repress GTD symptoms and incidence expansion are also addressed. Vine physiology and pathology together could expand understanding of these diseases. Knowledge and hypotheses that need validation are summarized, and a conceptual model is proposed to explain the occurrence of symptoms and the influencing factors. The model could be useful to cope with the complexity of GTDs, and as a starting point for research to unravel knowledge gaps and suggest new disease management strategies.

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Ecology and management of grapevine trunk diseases in New Zealand a review

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6558 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 160-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D.C. Mundy ◽

M.A. Manning

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Disease Control ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Additional Information ◽

Petri Disease ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Eutypa Dieback ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases

Grapevine trunk diseases threaten the longevity of vineyard production in New Zealand This paper provides a summary of the knowledge of the most common fungal grapevine trunk diseases as well as identifying gaps that require further research Current knowledge of symptoms causal organisms etiology and disease control of botryosphaeria dieback esca eutypa dieback and Petri disease are discussed Additional information about how these diseases may be influenced by different vineyard practices common in New Zealand viticulture is provided

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Alterations in Grapevine Leaf Metabolism Occur Prior to Esca Apoplexy Appearance

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0036-r ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (12) ◽

pp. 946-959 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Maryline Magnin-Robert ◽

Marielle Adrian ◽

Sophie Trouvelot ◽

Alessandro Spagnolo ◽

Lucile Jacquens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Symptom Expression ◽

Glutathione Level ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Esca Disease ◽

Foliar Symptom ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Preferential Location ◽

Preceding Symptom

Esca disease is one of the major grapevine trunk diseases in Europe and the etiology is complex, since several inhabiting fungi are identified to be associated with this disease. Among the foliar symptom expressions, the apoplectic form may be distinguished and characterized by sudden dieback of shoots, leaf drop, and shriveling of grape clusters in a few days that can ultimately induce the plant death. To further understand this drastic event, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to characterize responses of leaves during the period preceding symptom appearance (20 and 7 days before foliar symptom expression) and at the day of apoplexy expression. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide signatures for the apoplectic leaves and most changes concerning the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenylpropanoids. In deciphering glutathione-S-transferase (GST), its preferential location in phloem, correlated with the upregulation of GST genes and a decrease of the glutathione level, offers further support to the putative role of glutathione during apoplexy expression.

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Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040802 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 802

Author(s):

Pierluigi Reveglia ◽

Regina Billones-Baaijens ◽

Jennifer Millera Millera Niem ◽

Marco Masi ◽

Alessio Cimmino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Protocatechuic Acid ◽

Physiological Factors ◽

Diplodia Seriata ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

One Year ◽

Pathogen Dna

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.

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Grapevine Trunk Diseases: A Review of Fifteen Years of Trials for Their Control with Chemicals and Biocontrol Agents

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-17-1181-fe ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 102 (7) ◽

pp. 1189-1217 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Vincenzo Mondello ◽

Aurélie Songy ◽

Enrico Battiston ◽

Catia Pinto ◽

Cindy Coppin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biocontrol Agents ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Eutypa Dieback ◽

Wide Range ◽

Efficient Control ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

The Impact

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) represent one of the most important problems for viticulture worldwide. Beyond the original causes of this outbreak in some countries like France, the lack of efficient control protocols and the prohibition of using active ingredients such as sodium arsenite and benzimidazoles, until recently used to reduce the impact of some GTDs but deleterious for humans and the environment, have probably worsened the impact of the diseases, leading to increasing economic losses. Since 1990, searches have been made to find efficient tools to control GTDs, testing a wide range of active ingredients and biocontrol agents. This review provides readers with an overview of the results reported in the scientific literature over the last 15 years. In particular, the review focuses on the trials carried out applying chemicals or microorganisms to control Esca complex diseases, Botryosphaeria dieback, and Eutypa dieback, the most widespread GTDs.

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Genome-Wide Identification of Long Non-coding RNAs Responsive to Lasiodiplodia theobromae Infection in Grapevine

Evolutionary Bioinformatics ◽

10.1177/1176934319841362 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 117693431984136 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Qikai Xing ◽

Wei Zhang ◽

Mei Liu ◽

Lingxian Li ◽

Xinghong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Processes ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽

Rna Molecules ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Insight Into

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to a class of RNA molecules that are longer than 200 nucleotides and do not encode proteins. Numerous lncRNAs have recently emerged as important regulators of many biological processes in animals and plants, including responses to environmental stress and pathogens. Botryosphaeria dieback is one of the more severe grapevine trunk diseases worldwide. However, how lncRNAs function during Botryosphaeriaceae infection is largely unknown. We performed high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of susceptible and more tolerant grapevine cultivars infected with Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Overall, we predicted 1826 novel candidate lncRNAs, including long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) and natural antisense transcripts (lncNATs). The data reveal the functions of a set of lncRNAs that were differentially expressed between the resistant cultivar Merlot and the susceptible cultivar Cabernet Franc. Several lncRNAs were predicted to be precursors for grape microRNAs involved in the L theobromae infection. These results provide new insight into the lncRNAs of grapevine that are involved in the response to L theobromae infection.

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Wood Metabolomic Responses of Wild and Cultivated Grapevine to Infection with Neofusicoccum parvum, a Trunk Disease Pathogen

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo10060232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 232 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Clément Labois ◽

Kim Wilhelm ◽

Hélène Laloue ◽

Céline Tarnus ◽

Christophe Bertsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Strong Increase ◽

Primary Metabolism ◽

Alcohol Content ◽

Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽

Specialized Metabolites ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Resveratrol Oligomer

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), which are associated with complex of xylem-inhabiting fungi, represent one of the major threats to vineyard sustainability currently. Botryosphaeria dieback, one of the major GTDs, is associated with wood colonization by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, especially Neofusicoccum parvum. We used GC-MS and HPLC-MS to compare the wood metabolomic responses of the susceptible Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera (V. v. subsp. vinifera) and the tolerant Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris (V. v. subsp. sylvestris) after artificial inoculation with Neofusicoccum parvum (N. parvum). N. parvum inoculation triggered major changes in both primary and specialized metabolites in the wood. In both subspecies, infection resulted in a strong decrease in sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose), whereas sugar alcohol content (mannitol and arabitol) was enhanced. Concerning amino acids, N. parvum early infection triggered a decrease in aspartic acid, serine, and asparagine, and a strong increase in alanine and β-alanine. A trend for more intense primary metabolism alteration was observed in V. v. subsp. sylvestris compared to V. v. subsp. vinifera. N. parvum infection also triggered major changes in stilbene and flavonoid compounds. The content in resveratrol and several resveratrol oligomers increased in the wood of both subspecies after infection. Interestingly, we found a higher induction of resveratrol oligomer (putative E-miyabenol C, vitisin C, hopeaphenol, ampelopsin C) contents after wood inoculation in V. v. subsp. sylvestris.

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Activity of Anthracenediones and Flavoring Phenols in Hydromethanolic Extracts of Rubia tinctorum against Grapevine Phytopathogenic Fungi

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081527 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1527

Author(s):

Natalia Langa-Lomba ◽

Eva Sánchez-Hernández ◽

Laura Buzón-Durán ◽

Vicente González-García ◽

José Casanova-Gascón ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Species ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Antifungal Compound ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Rubia Tinctorum ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases

In this work, the chemical composition of Rubia tinctorum root hydromethanolic extract was analyzed by GC–MS, and over 50 constituents were identified. The main phytochemicals were alizarin-related anthraquinones and flavoring phenol compounds. The antifungal activity of this extract, alone and in combination with chitosan oligomers (COS) or with stevioside, was evaluated against the pathogenic taxa Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella viticola and Neofusicoccum parvum, responsible for the so-called Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine. In vitro mycelial growth inhibition tests showed remarkable activity for the pure extract, with EC50 and EC90 values as low as 66 and 88 μg·mL−1, respectively. Nonetheless, enhanced activity was attained upon the formation of conjugate complexes with COS or with stevioside, with synergy factors of up to 5.4 and 3.3, respectively, resulting in EC50 and EC90 values as low as 22 and 56 μg·mL−1, respectively. The conjugate with the best performance (COS–R. tinctorum extract) was then assayed ex situ on autoclaved grapevine wood against D. seriata, confirming its antifungal behavior on this plant material. Finally, the same conjugate was evaluated in greenhouse assays on grafted grapevine plants artificially inoculated with the three aforementioned fungal species, resulting in a significant reduction in the infection rate in all cases. This natural antifungal compound represents a promising alternative for developing sustainable control methods against grapevine trunk diseases.

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Foliar Symptom Expression of Wood Decay in Actinidia deliciosa in Relation to Environmental Factors

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-8-1150 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (8) ◽

pp. 1150-1157 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Stefano Di Marco ◽

Fabio Osti

Keyword(s):

Wood Decay ◽

Soil Characteristics ◽

Annual Incidence ◽

Actinidia Deliciosa ◽

Symptom Expression ◽

Foliar Symptoms ◽

Foliar Symptom ◽

Different Types ◽

Wood Deterioration ◽

First Time

Kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) have recently been affected by a new form of decay caused by several fungi that produce different types of wood deterioration in the trunk and cordons. Surveys were conducted over a period of 5 years to investigate epidemiological aspects of the disease in a typical Italian growing area (Emilia-Romagna), where kiwifruit is widely cultivated and where the disease was noted for the first time. The disease was widespread over the kiwifruit growing area surveyed, and its incidence increased over the course of the survey. No relationship was found between vineyard soil characteristics or management methods and the annual incidence of symptomatic vines. Foliar symptoms did not consistently express every season even on obviously infected vines. The time of appearance and the development of the disease were correlated with plant phenology and temperature. In particular, from June to August, temperature seemed to affect the annual incidence of the disease in terms of both symptomatic shoots and symptomatic vines. The aspects in common between the decay of kiwifruit and esca of grapevine could be hypothesized and are discussed.

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The Role of Pest Control Advisers in Preventative Management of Grapevine Trunk Diseases

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-10-15-0250-r ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (4) ◽

pp. 339-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Vicken Hillis ◽

Mark Lubell ◽

Jonathan Kaplan ◽

David Doll ◽

Kendra Baumgartner

Keyword(s):

Pest Control ◽

Online Survey ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Eutypa Dieback ◽

Long Run ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Cost Efficacy ◽

Trunk Diseases

Vineyards with trunk diseases (Botryosphaeria dieback, Esca, Eutypa dieback, and Phomopsis dieback) can have negative returns in the long run. Minimizing economic impacts depends on effective management, but adopting a preventative practice after infection occurs may not improve yields. Pest control advisers may reduce grower uncertainty about the efficacy of and need for prevention, which often entails future and unobservable benefits. Here, we surveyed advisers in California to examine their influence over grower decision-making, in the context of trunk diseases, which significantly limit grape production and for which curative practices are unavailable. Our online survey revealed adviser awareness of high disease incidence, and reduced yields and vineyard lifespan. Advisers rated both preventative and postinfection practices positively. Despite higher cost estimates given to postinfection practices, advisers did not recommend preventative practices at higher rates. High recommendation rates were instead correlated with high disease incidence for both preventative and postinfection practices. Recommendation rates declined with increasing cost for preventative, but not for postinfection, practices. Our findings suggest that even when advisers acknowledge the risks of trunk diseases, they may not recommend preventative practices before infection occurs. This underscores the importance of clear outreach, emphasizing both the need for prevention and its long-term cost efficacy.

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Combining an HA + Cu (II) Site-Targeted Copper-Based Product with a Pruning Wound Protection Program to Prevent Infection with Lasiodiplodia spp. in Grapevine

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10112376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2376

Author(s):

Pedro Reis ◽

Ana Gaspar ◽

Artur Alves ◽

Florence Fontaine ◽

Cecília Rego

Keyword(s):

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Pruning Wound ◽

Wound Protection ◽

Protection Strategies ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

The Impact ◽

Fungistatic Effect

The genus Lasiodiplodia has been reported from several grape growing regions and is considered as one of the fastest wood colonizers, causing Botryosphaeria dieback. The aim of this study was to (i) evaluate the efficacy of Esquive®, a biocontrol agent, on vineyard pruning wound protection, applied single or, in a combined protection strategy with a new site-targeted copper-based treatment (LC2017), and (ii) compare their efficacy with chemical protection provided by the commercially available product, Tessior®. For two seasons, protectants were applied onto pruning wounds, while LC2017 was applied throughout the season according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Pruning wounds of two different cultivars were inoculated with three isolates of Lasiodiplodia spp. Efficacy of the wound protectants, varied between both years of the assay and according to the cultivar studied but were able to control the pathogen to some extent. The application of LC2017 did not show clear evidence of improving the control obtained by the sole application of the other products tested. Nevertheless, LC2017 showed a fungistatic effect against Lasiodiplodia spp., in vitro, and has previously shown an elicitor effect against grapevine trunk diseases. Therefore, this combination of two protection strategies may constitute a promising long-term approach to mitigate the impact of Botryosphaeria dieback.

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