scholarly journals Trichoderma harzianum-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles: A Green Tool for Controlling Soil-Borne Pathogens in Cotton

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Shimaa A. Zaki ◽  
Salama A. Ouf ◽  
Fawziah M. Albarakaty ◽  
Marian M. Habeb ◽  
Aly A. Aly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Fungicidal Action ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Sp

ZnO-based nanomaterials have high antifungal effects, such as inhibition of growth and reproduction of some pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Therefore, we report the extracellular synthesis of ZnONPs using a potential fungal antagonist (Trichoderma harzianum). ZnONPs were then characterized for their size, shape, charge and composition by visual analysis, UV–visible spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The TEM test confirmed that the size of the produced ZnONPs was 8–23 nm. The green synthesized ZnONPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies to reveal the functional group attributed to the formation of ZnONPs. For the first time, trichogenic ZnONPs were shown to have fungicidal action against three soil–cotton pathogenic fungi in the laboratory and greenhouse. An antifungal examination was used to evaluate the bioactivity of the mycogenic ZnONPs in addition to two chemical fungicides (Moncut and Maxim XL) against three soil-borne pathogens, including Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. The findings of this study show a novel fungicidal activity in in vitro assay for complete inhibition of fungal growth of tested plant pathogenic fungi, as well as a considerable reduction in cotton seedling disease symptoms under greenhouse conditions. The formulation of a trichogenic ZnONPs form was found to increase its antifungal effect significantly. Finally, the utilization of biocontrol agents, such as T. harzianum, could be a safe strategy for the synthesis of a medium-scale of ZnONPs and employ it for fungal disease control in cotton.

scholarly journals Antagonismo de Trichoderma harzianum contra la fusariosis del garbanzo y su efecto biofertilizante

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1135-1147
Author(s):  
Talina Olivia Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Brenda Zulema Guerrero-Aguilar ◽  
Víctor Pecina-Quintero ◽  
Enrique González-Pérez ◽  
Juan Gabriel Angeles-Núñez
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina

El garbanzo es una leguminosa, que se cultiva en dos regiones de México principalmente, noroeste (Sonora, Sinaloa y Baja california) y la región de El Bajío (Guanajuato, Michoacán y Jalisco); sin embargo, cada año la producción del cultivo está comprometida con la fusariosis vascular, una de las principales enfermedades que afectan al cultivo y que está asociada al complejo fúngico Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina y Sclerotium rolfsii. Una alternativa de control biológico es la aplicación de Trichoderma, la que además tiene un efecto indirecto en la nutrición de la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el antagonismo in vitro de dos cepas de Trichoderma harzianum (T1 y T2) y su efecto como biofertilizante. Se realizaron confrontaciones in vitro contra cepas de las razas de Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc 0, 1B/C, 5 y 6), Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina (MSonora y M-GTO) y Sclerotium rolfsii. Se evaluó el efecto de T2 como biofertilizante (TB) midiendo las variables: número de flores, vainas, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de la raíz y rendimiento de grano. Las dos cepas de T. harzianum mostraron antagonismo en diferente escala contra los patógenos. Adicionalmente, con el tratamiento donde se aplicó T. harzianum (TB) se presentaron incrementos en el número de flores (30%), vainas (24%), altura (3%), diámetro de las plantas (3.5%), así como la longitud de la raíz (13%) y rendimiento del grano (23%).

Detection of Calcium in the Adhesive Material Obtained from the Plant Pathogen Colletotrichum Graminicola'. X Ray Microanalysis (Eds) Evidences

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (S2) ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
B. Leite ◽  
M.L. Ishida ◽  
E. Alves ◽  
S.F. Pascholati ◽  
J.A. Sugui
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Adhesive Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Artificial Surface ◽  
Appressoria Formation ◽  
Scanning Electron

The appressoria formation of Colletotrichum graminicola was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an X Ray microanalysis system (EDS - Oxford Instrument LINK ISIS). Recently formed appressoria, an infection structure of plant pathogenic fungi, firmly glues itself to an artificial surface (polystyrene) as a consequence of the production of an adhesive material (AM). The nature of this material was already demonstrated to be mainly constituted of a glycoprotein (Sugui et al, PMPP, 1998). The objective of this work was to verify the involvement of divalent ions, specially calcium, in the process as whole.The AM was isolated and purified from conidia that germinated on polystyrene Petri dishes. The primary AM was dialyzed against three liters of distilled water before being lyophilized. Subsequently, the material was placed on top of a carbon tape and observed by scanning electron microscopy under high vacuum (Fig. 1 and 2A). On the other hand, the same material was submitted to X Ray microanalysis without coating.

scholarly journals Sensibilidad in vitro de hongos fitopatógenos causantes de enfermedades en fresa a controladores biológicos y fungicidas, en el estado de Guanajuato, México

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Luis Roberto Pérez Moreno ◽  
Luis Pérez-Moreno ◽  
Rafael Guzmán-Mendoza ◽  
Diana Sanzón-Gómez ◽  
José Roberto Belmonte-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Factor B ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp

Se evaluó la respuesta in vitro de un aislado de los hongos Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, a 16 agentes biológicos (AB), ocho fungicidas y un testigo. Se usó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial. El factor A correspondió a los aislados del hongo y el factor B a los productos de control. La comparación de medias se realizó con la prueba de Tukey (p < 0.05). Se hizo la evaluación del crecimiento promedio radial micelial en centímetros (Cprm) cada 24 h durante 11 días. En cualquier caso, no se encontró efecto, solo o en interacción con los agentes de control. Dicloran, Tebuconazol y Cyprodinil-Fludioxonil inhibieron el crecimiento micelial de todos los aislados de los hongos con un promedio final de 1.0 Cprm, y en mayor proporción que los agentes biológicos. Los AB que propiciaron el menor crecimiento micelial de los aislados fueron: Trichoderma sp., Trichoderma harzianum, Microorganismos y Trichoderma viridae.

scholarly journals تأثير بعض أنواع الفطريات على استنبات بذور الفول fababean صنف Minor في ليبيا

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-333
Author(s):  
زهرة إبراهيم الجالي ◽  
آمنة عبد الحميد سعد
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina

أُجريت التجربة خلال عامي 2019- 2020 في معمل أمراض النبات – كلية الزراعة – جامعة عمر المختار، بهدف دراسة تأثير البعض من أنواع الفطريات تضمنت Botrytis cinerea، Macrophomina phaseolina، Rhizoctonia solani، Sclerotinia sclerotiorum و Trichoderma harzianum على نسبة، وسرعة الإنبات، ومستوى تعفن الجذور في بذور الفول صنف Minor معملياً. تم تحضين البذور بعد تعقيمها سطحياً، وزراعتها في أطباق بتري على الوسط WA 1% الملقح بالفطريات المدروسة. سجلت التجربة اختلافات معنوية في نسبة الإنبات، و سرعته، ومستوى المرض. أفضل إنبات للبذور كان في معاملة T. harzianum (91.7%)، ولكن ليس أكثر من الشاهد (%100)، وأقل إنبات (25%) كان في البذور المعاملة بالفطرين M. phaseolina وR. Solani. كانت أعلى سرعة إنبات (3.1) للبذور في محيط Trichoderma أكثر من بذور الشاهد، والفطريات المُمْرِضة، في حين وصل مستوى المرض أعلاه (4.8) على الجُذير في معاملة الفطر R. solani، وسجل (0) في مُعاملتي الــــTrichoderma والشاهد. نستنتج من الدراسة أن معاملة البذور  بالفطر T. harzianum يمكن أن تكون مفيدة لتحسين إنبات بذور الفول، بالإضافة إلى خفض الإنبات المتأخر.

scholarly journals Rapid Diagnosis of Soybean Seedling Blight Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Soybean Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina Using LAMP Assays

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
pp. 1612-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchen Lu ◽  
Bi Song ◽  
HaiFeng Zhang ◽  
YuanChao Wang ◽  
XiaoBo Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Lamp Assay ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Soybean Seedling ◽  
Charcoal Rot

A new method of direct detection of pathogenic fungi in infected soybean tissues has been reported here. The method rapidly diagnoses soybean seedling blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani and soybean charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, and features loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The primers were designed and screened using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) as target DNAs of both pathogens. An ITS-Rs-LAMP assay for R. solani and an ITS-Mp-LAMP assay for M. phaseolina that can detect the pathogen in diseased soybean tissues in the field have been developed. Both LAMP assays efficiently amplified the target genes over 60 min at 62°C. A yellow-green color (visible to the naked eye) or intense green fluorescence (visible under ultraviolet light) was only observed in the presence of R. solani or M. phaseolina after addition of SYBR Green I. The detection limit of the ITS-Rs-LAMP assay was 10 pg μl–1 of genomic DNA; and that of the ITS-Mp-LAMP assay was 100 pg μl–1 of genomic DNA. Using the two assays described here, we successfully and rapidly diagnosed suspect diseased soybean samples collected in the field from Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.

scholarly journals La marchitez tardía del maíz (Zea mays L.) causada por Cephalosporium maydis en la Península Ibérica, y otros hongos asociados

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Maria Ortiz-Bustos ◽  
Ana B. García-Carneros ◽  
Leire Molinero-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Pythium Oligandrum ◽  
Cephalosporium Maydis ◽  
Impacto Económico ◽  
Península Ibérica

Las especies de hongos de suelo asociadas a Cephalosporium maydis como agente causal de la marchitez tardía del maíz en la Península Ibérica se identificaron muestreando 19 campos con síntomas de marchitez en las principales zonas de cultivo entre 2011 y 2012. En el 47% de los campos no se identificó C. maydis, pero sí Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani y Trichoderma harzianum infectando las plantas de maíz. En los campos restantes, junto a C. maydis se identificaron otros hongos de suelo en porcentajes apreciables: F. verticillioides (19%), F. proliferatum (19%), F.equiseti (9%), F. oxysporum (9%) y Pythium oligandrum (9%). El crecimiento vascular de C. maydis y de otras especies fúngicas en plantas de maíz se confirmó analizando plantas con marchitez procedentes de tres campos diferentes. Tanto C. maydis como F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum y T. harzianum se aislaron de la inserción entre la raíz y tallo y a 10 cm de altura en el tallo de las plantas. El efecto de la infección por C. maydis sobre la producción de las plantas de maíz se cuantificó en macetas y condiciones seminaturales en el 2011. En plantas inoculadas se obtuvo una reducción del peso de las mazorcas del 54%, además de pesos de raíz y de parte aérea (tallo y hojas) significativamente menores en comparación con el control no inoculado, lo que sugiere el gran impacto económico que puede tener la marchitez tardía en condiciones naturales. Asimismo este trabajo pone de manifiesto el grado de complejidad de la etiología de la marchitez tardía, que debería ser estudiado mediante la confirmación de la patogenicidad de los hongos de suelo identificados en maíz, con el fin de determinar el papel que puede jugar cada una de estas especies en el desarrollo de la enfermedad y/o severidad de los síntomas.

scholarly journals Synthesis and in vitro Antifungal Efficacy of Copper-silica Nanocomposites against Pathogenic Fungi of Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai ◽  
Ton Nu My Phuong ◽  
Nguyen Viet Luong ◽  
Dao Khac Toan ◽  
Tran Thai Hoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Silica Nanocomposites ◽  
Average Size

In this study, copper-silica nanocomposites were synthesized by using silica nanoparticles extracted from rice husks as carriers for copper nanoparticles.  Copper-silica nanocomposites (Cu-silicaNPs) were synthesized  by a simple and effectively chemical reduction process with hydrazine as a reducing agent. Cu-silica NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The average size of nanocomposite materials is about 20 nm. Cu-silica NPs products had a high inhibitory effect on Pyricularia oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani, causing rice blast and sheath blight.

scholarly journals A Study of the Effect of Bioagent Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, the Fungicide Topsin-M and their Interaction on Root Rot Disease of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus in the Field

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-336
Author(s):  
Yehya A. Salih ◽  
Noor M. Mansoor
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Root Rot Disease ◽  
Fruit Productivity ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Fungus Growth

This study aimed to investigate the effect of interaction between Trichoderma harzianum and the fungicide Topsin-M on root rot disease that infected okra in the field. Three fungi were isolated from the root of okra that infected with root rot disease: Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. The pathogenicity of these fungi was tested and found to be they cause root rot disease on okra, the disease severity was 41.7, 6.7 and 31.7% respectively. The laboratorial experiments showed that T. harzianum had a high antagonism ability with degrees of 1 and 2 against the pathogenic fungi M. phaseolina, F. solani and R. solani respectively. Also, it was found that the fungicide Topsin –M inhibited the growth of all pathogenic fungi with a percent of 100%, while it inhibited the bioagent fungus growth with a percent of 50.4 %, therefore it be recommended for the interaction experiments. The field results showed that using of bioagent T. harzianum and fungicide topsin-M significantly reduced the infection percentage and severity disease of the pathogenic fungi F. solani, R. solani and M. phaseolina to 65.3, 21.20, 13.20, 46.20, 25.70 and 18.20% respectively, compared to each pathogenic fungus alone which were 71.00, 60.20, 60.20, 66.80, 80.20 and 60.20% respectively. The interaction between the bioagent T. harzianum and topsin-M led to increase the plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root systems and the fruit productivity of the examined okra plants .

scholarly journals Uji Antagonisme Trichoderma harzianum Dan Azotobacter chroococcum Terhadap Rhyzoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii dan Fusarium oxysporum secara in-vitro

Agrologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marthin Kalay ◽  
Abraham Talahaturuson ◽  
Wilhemina Rumahlewang
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Azotobacter Chroococcum ◽  
Organic Media ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Biological Fertilizer ◽  
In Vitro Treatment

Damage to plants by pathogenic fungi is often found in nurseries and field. Biological control offers a promising alternative for managing diseases in plants because they are environmentally friendly compared to pesticides. The aim of the study was to test the power of the antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum and Azotobacter chroococcum on solid organic media "TRIAZOTE"  which had been stored for five months against R. solani, S. rolfsii, and F. oxysporium pathogens. In-vitro treatment tested the power of antagonism of T. harzianum and A. chroococcum on growth of R. solani, S. rolfsii, and F. Oxysporum pathogens. The results showed that T. harzianum in "TRIAZOTE" which had been stored for five months could inhibit pathogenic growth R. solani, S. rolfsii, and F. oxysporum by 54.57%, 66.22%, and 68,57% respectively. While A. chroococcum did not significantly inhibit pathogenic growth of R. solani (11.02%), S. rolfsii (9.09%) and F. oxyprorum (10.99%). To control the disease in plants, especially those caused by soil borne pathogens R. solani, S. rolfsii and F. oxyprorum, can use biological fertilizer "TRIAZOTE" even though it has been stored for five months

Quaternary structure of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
T. Wichertjes ◽  
E.J. Kwak ◽  
E.F.J. Van Bruggen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Temperature Jump ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Crystallographic Analysis ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intact Molecule

Hemocyanin of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) has been studied in nany ways. Recently the structure, dissociation and reassembly was studied using electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens as the method of investigation. Crystallization of the protein proved to be possible and X-ray crystallographic analysis was started. Also fluorescence properties of the hemocyanin after dialysis against Tris-glycine buffer + 0.01 M EDTA pH 8.9 (so called “stripped” hemocyanin) and its fractions II and V were studied, as well as functional properties of the fractions by NMR. Finally the temperature-jump method was used for assaying the oxygen binding of the dissociating molecule and of preparations of isolated subunits. Nevertheless very little is known about the structure of the intact molecule. Schutter et al. suggested that the molecule possibly consists of two halves, combined in a staggered way, the halves themselves consisting of four subunits arranged in a square.

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