scholarly journals Existence of a Neutral-Impact Maxillo-Mandibular Displacement on Upper Airways Morphology

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Giovanni Badiali ◽  
Ottavia Lunari ◽  
Mirko Bevini ◽  
Barbara Bortolani ◽  
Laura Cercenelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Mandibular Advancement ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Displacement Threshold ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Area And Volume

Current scientific evidence on how orthognathic surgery affects the airways morphology remains contradictory. The aim of this study is to investigate the existence and extension of a neutral-impact interval of bony segments displacement on the upper airways morphology. Its upper boundary would behave as a skeletal displacement threshold differentiating minor and major jaw repositioning, with impact on the planning of the individual case. Pre- and post-operative cone beam computed tomographies (CBCTs) of 45 patients who underwent maxillo-mandibular advancement or maxillary advancement/mandibular setback were analysed by means of a semi-automated three-dimensional (3D) method; 3D models of skull and airways were produced, the latter divided into the three pharyngeal subregions. The correlation between skeletal displacement, stacked surface area and volume was investigated. The displacement threshold was identified by setting three ∆Area percentage variations. No significant difference in area and volume emerged from the comparison of the two surgical procedures with bone repositioning below the threshold (approximated to +5 mm). A threshold ranging from +4.8 to +7 mm was identified, varying in relation to the three ∆Area percentages considered. The ∆Area increased linearly above the threshold, while showing no consistency in the interval ranging from −5 mm to +5 mm.

Evidence of prophylaxis treatment in adult haemophiliacs

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S34-S37
Author(s):  
J. Holzschuh ◽  
K.-H. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Federal Joint Committee ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual

SummaryIn contrast to children with haemophilia the scientific evidence of prophylaxis treatment in adults is not yet proven. Existing studies are of observational character and mostly retrospectively designed. Therefore, opinion leaders in this field postulate prospectively designed, randomized, controlled and multicentric studies to set up urgently needed guidelines. Evidence according to the Canadian task force ranking is assessed as level III with a re- commendation grade C by the authors.The recognition of benefits of health care providers in accordance with the German Federal Joint Committee generally demands a Grade- Ia to Ib evidence. As long as the actual evidence of prophylaxis in adult haemophiliacs does not meet the postulated criteria of the German Federal Joint Committee, prophylactic replacement therapy of the individual case has to be well documented and reasonably explained.

Hormesis and toxic torts

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Gary E Marchant
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Close Call ◽  
Tort Litigation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regulatory Decisions ◽  
To Receive

Policy implementation of hormesis has to date focused on regulatory applications. Toxic-tort litigation may provide an alternative policy venue for real-world applications of hormesis. Businesses and government entities, who are sued by individuals claiming to have been injured by exposure to very low levels of toxic substances may defend those cases by deploying hormesis to argue that such exposures were unlikely to be harmful. The threshold issue in using hormesis in toxic-tort defense is whether such evidence will be admissible under applicable standards for scientific evidence, which will likely turn on whether hormesis is deemed to be `generally accepted' in the relevant scientific community. Given the relatively novel status of hormesis, its admissibility will likely be a close call, but is likely to be held admissible in favorable circumstances. If admissible, hormesis is likely to receive a fairer and more even-handed consideration than in regulatory decisions, where regulatory agencies are bound by policy-based default assumptions that limit their receptivity to new concepts such as hormesis. The perception of hormesis by juries will likely be the critical factor for determining the utility of hormesis in toxic-tort litigation, and this perception is likely to be affected by the presentation and circumstances in the individual case.

scholarly journals Influence of Geometric Features Associativity of CAD Class Models on the Process of Their Updating – Comparative Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Świaczny
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Class Models ◽  
Positive Effect

This article deals with the topic of one of the most important features of modern CAx class systems – associativity. The term refers to the ability to form relations (links) between two or more objects (in terms of their selected features), and with the consequence creating an associative (linked) three-dimensional model. The author pays special attention to the very process of creating relations between objects, as it has a key impact on the structural stability of CAD class models, and thus on their susceptibility to possible modifications. To show that not all associativity brings a positive effect, the author presents two examples of its implementation. In order to emphasize the influence of the method of linking individual elements, both examples are based on the same 3D model – a thin-walled part with a positioning pin. That means the geometric form of the default part is the same, whereas only relations of the individual objects of the 3D model change. In the first scenario, correctly defined relations between objects make that the positioning pin offset does not affect the initial design conditions. The second scenario shows an incorrect implementation of associativity, as a result of which the same operation of positioning pin offset gives non-compliance with the initial design conditions and with the consequence an undesirable change in its geometry. The article is an attempt to draw attention to the fact that the associative structure of 3D models is not always equal to the optimal solution. Only the well-thought-out nature of associativity allows to use all its advantages.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Coronary Arteries and Its Application in Localization of Coronary Artery Segments Corresponding to Myocardial Segments Identified by Transthoracic Echocardiography

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyan Zhong ◽  
Yanli Guo ◽  
Haiyun Huang ◽  
Liwen Tan ◽  
Yi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Transthoracic Echocardiography ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
2D Ultrasound ◽  
Ct Data ◽  
Contrast Ct

Objectives.To establish 3D models of coronary arteries (CA) and study their application in localization of CA segments identified by Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE).Methods.Sectional images of the heart collected from the first CVH dataset and contrast CT data were used to establish 3D models of the CA. Virtual dissection was performed on the 3D models to simulate the conventional sections of TTE. Then, we used 2D ultrasound, speckle tracking imaging (STI), and 2D ultrasound plus 3D CA models to diagnose 170 patients and compare the results to coronary angiography (CAG).Results.3D models of CA distinctly displayed both 3D structure and 2D sections of CA. This simulated TTE imaging in any plane and showed the CA segments that corresponded to 17 myocardial segments identified by TTE. The localization accuracy showed a significant difference between 2D ultrasound and 2D ultrasound plus 3D CA model in the severe stenosis group (P<0.05) and in the mild-to-moderate stenosis group (P<0.05).Conclusions.These innovative modeling techniques help clinicians identify the CA segments that correspond to myocardial segments typically shown in TTE sectional images, thereby increasing the accuracy of the TTE-based diagnosis of CHD.

Validation of a method to measure three-dimensional hip joint kinematics in subjects with femoroacetabular impingement

2019 ◽  
pp. 112070001988354
Author(s):  
Thomas R Ward ◽  
Mafruha M Hussain ◽  
Mark Pickering ◽  
Diana Perriman ◽  
Al Burns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoroacetabular Impingement ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Joint Kinematics ◽  
Registration Method ◽  
Kinematic Measurement ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: A kinematic measurement method combining dynamic motion and imaging, which captures the behaviour of the hip at terminal motion, may offer improved diagnostic accuracy and enhance our understanding of the mechanics of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Methods: 3 embalmed cadaveric hip/pelvis specimens with implanted Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Analysis (RSA) beads were mounted on a custom rig and imaged with a fluoroscope in four poses to simulate a clinical impingement examination: in hip extension and in three positions: near impingement, early impingement and late impingement while simulating a flexion/adduction/internal rotation manoeuvre. Hip joint kinematics were measured using 2 methods and compared: RSA (gold standard) and a custom 3-dimensional to 2-dimensional (3D–2D) image registration method which matches 3D models developed from CT to 2D fluoroscopic images. Results: Using RSA as the gold standard, bias and precision of hip joint rotations measured using 3D–2D registration demonstrated maximums of 1.64° and 3.96°, respectively. However, if the single outlier was removed, bias and precision were 0.55° and 1.38°. Bias and precision of translations had maximums of 0.51 mm and 0.77 mm, respectively. Conclusions: This 3D to 2D registration method may offer a clinically useful solution for dynamic assessment of hip impingement. If 5-mm translation and 10° of rotation represent a clinically significant difference in hip kinematics, the method’s accuracy of approximately 1 mm displacement and 1° rotation should enable detection of significant clinical differences.

scholarly journals A quasi-3D model of the whole lung: airway extension to the tracheobronchial limit using the constrained constructive optimization and alveolar modeling, using a sac–trumpet model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravishekar (Ravi) Kannan ◽  
Narender Singh ◽  
Andrzej Przekwas ◽  
Xianlian Alex Zhou ◽  
Ross Walenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Transport ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Surface Geometry ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Existing computational models used for simulating the flow and species transport in the human airways are zero-dimensional (0D) compartmental, three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD), or the recently developed quasi-3D (Q3D) models. Unlike compartmental models, the full CFD and Q3D models are physiologically and anatomically consistent in the mouth and the upper airways, since the starting point of these models is the mouth–lung surface geometry, typically created from computed tomography (CT) scans. However, the current resolution of CT scans limits the airway detection between the 3rd–4th and 7th–9th generations. Consequently, CFD and the Q3D models developed using these scans are generally limited to these generations. In this study, we developed a method to extend the conducting airways from the end of the truncated Q3D lung to the tracheobronchial (TB) limit. We grew the lung generations within the closed lung lobes using the modified constrained constructive optimization, creating an aerodynamically optimized network aiming to produce equal pressure at the distal ends of the terminal segments. This resulted in a TB volume and lateral area of ∼165 cc and ∼2000 cm2, respectively. We created a “sac–trumpet” model at each of the TB outlets to represent the alveoli. The volumes of the airways and the individual alveolar generations match the anatomical values by design: with the functional residual capacity at 2611 cc. Lateral surface areas were scaled to match the physiological values. These generated Q3D whole lung models can be efficiently used for conducting multiple breathing cycles of drug transport and deposition simulations.

scholarly journals O direito fundamental a serviços de saúde no Brasil

2018 ◽  
Vol 277 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Gabriel Ducatti Lino Machado
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Health System ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Therapeutic Assistance ◽  
The Individual

<p>The fundamental right to health services in Brazil</p><p> </p><p>O ramo público do sistema de saúde brasileiro é marcado por uma tensão entre um auspicioso direito fundamental à saúde, que até mesmo garantiria a qualquer pessoa o acesso gratuito a serviços de assistência terapêutica, e uma política que se esforça para restringir os serviços disponíveis. Se, por força dos arts. 6º e 196 CF, existe um direito fundamental a serviços de saúde (serviços de assistência terapêutica), então a quais serviços? Essa é a questão central que aqui se analisa, de uma perspectiva jurídico-dogmática. Em outras palavras: objeto de investigação é a dimensão material do direito fundamental a serviços de saúde. Para a definição de seus limites, ressaltam como determinantes os conceitos de saúde e de doença em sentido amplo; a segurança e eficácia do serviço, servindo a exigência de evidência científica verificada em processo próprio de aprovação como regra geral, mas se admitindo uma regra de exceção que responda às peculiaridades do caso concreto; e a eficácia marginal ou relevante do serviço. Finalmente, se Legislativo e Executivo têm pouco espaço para determinar os serviços disponíveis, eles têm uma ampla margem de discricionariedade para a organização do sistema de saúde.</p><p> </p><p>The public branch of the Brazilian health system is characterised by a tension between an auspicious fundamental right to health, which should even guarantee to anyone gratuitous access to the therapeutic assistance services, and a politics which strives to restrict the available services. If, by virtue of Articles 6 and 196 of the Brazilian Constitution, there is a fundamental right to health services (therapeutic assistance services), then to which services? This is the central question to be analysed here, from the perspective of legal dogmatics. In other words: object of inquiry is the material dimension of the fundamental right to health services. Determinant for the definition of its limits are the concepts of health and illness in a broader sense; the safety and effectiveness of the service, whereby the requirement of scientific evidence verified in a particular process of approval should serve as a general rule, supplemented by an exception rule which takes account of the peculiarities of the individual case; and the marginal or relevant effectiveness of the service. Finally, if Legislative and Executive do not have much freedom to determine the available services, they have a wide margin of discretion in the organization of the health system.</p>

scholarly journals La Torre della Marina di Vietri sulla Costa d’Amalfi: test statistico-predittivi di dati fotogrammetrici

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Morena ◽  
Salvatore Barba
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Predictive Test ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Propagation Law ◽  
The Individual

The Tower of Marina di Vietri on Amalfi Coast: a statistical-predictive test of photogrammetric dataThe focus of the work is on close-range photogrammetry and mainly on the low-cost technologies, experimented in the survey of Tower of Marina di Vietri, a historical building erected in the sixteenth century at Vietri sul Mare in the Province of Salerno. The general objective is to codify a methodology for objectifying the comparisons of the results; hence, the research starts from an original analysis conducted on the returned orthophotos by several photogrammetric paradigms. To estimate its reliability and precision, we proceeded, at first, with the extension and application of an error propagation law and then with the validation of the comparison according to a predictive type test. The first results are presented here after a study on raster images generated according to different algorithms. Subsequently, on each graphic product, 73 points were identified and for each of the relative coordinates the deviation are evaluated by verifying them with the value of the standard deviation. Consequently, for the purpose of greater validation of the methodology, a predictive test was implemented with the aim to confirm the criterion used for the comparison and to guarantee, in probabilistic terms, the values analysed; finally, a further three-dimensional analysis was conducted directly on the 3D models. It is banal to observe that aleatory –subjectivity, etc.– which often characterizes already known approaches, in any case assumed as a starting point, does not always allow to obtain generally valid results and, therefore, extendable beyond the single case study. The implementation of this first test, otherwise, proved to be extremely valid in the survey for architecture, both for an absolute evaluation of the quality of the individual results and for the possibility to estimate, also predictively, the relative effectiveness of the method used. This guarantees the evaluation of the relative percentages of errors in probabilistic terms.

Compensability of Common Upper Extremity Conditions When Work Activities Are Repetitive

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
J. Mark Melhorn ◽  
LuAnn Haley ◽  
Charles N. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Occupational Injury ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Cumulative Trauma ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Repetitive Injury ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Injury Causation

Abstract Repetitive illness sometimes is wrongly called repetitive injury or cumulative trauma, but the latter are misnomers because the employee cannot identify a specific injury as a cause of the symptoms. In workers’ compensation, such gradual illness claims may be compensable if the condition arises during the course of employment, which requires that it be caused by occupational duties, exposures, or equipment used on the employer's premises. Expert impairment evaluators face three requirements: they must know the best scientific evidence currently available regarding causation of the condition(s) in question, ie, generic causation; the facts of the individual case, ie, specific causation; and the legal threshold in the applicable jurisdiction for acceptance of a condition as work related. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, Second Edition, is an excellent resource and provides the physician a blueprint for the assessment of causation in occupational injury and illness claims. The book adopts the methodology developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. When asked to render opinions regarding causation, a physician is wise to consider this methodology in determining the work relatedness of the condition. Medical opinions based on an accepted methodology and the best scientific evidence will result in better patient outcomes.

scholarly journals Classification and prediction of protein–protein interaction interface using machine learning algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhrangshu Das ◽  
Saikat Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractStructural insight of the protein–protein interaction (PPI) interface can provide knowledge about the kinetics, thermodynamics and molecular functions of the complex while elucidating its role in diseases and further enabling it as a potential therapeutic target. However, owing to experimental lag in solving protein–protein complex structures, three-dimensional (3D) knowledge of the PPI interfaces can be gained via computational approaches like molecular docking and post-docking analyses. Despite development of numerous docking tools and techniques, success in identification of native like interfaces based on docking score functions is limited. Hence, we employed an in-depth investigation of the structural features of the interface that might successfully delineate native complexes from non-native ones. We identify interface properties, which show statistically significant difference between native and non-native interfaces belonging to homo and hetero, protein–protein complexes. Utilizing these properties, a support vector machine (SVM) based classification scheme has been implemented to differentiate native and non-native like complexes generated using docking decoys. Benchmarking and comparative analyses suggest very good performance of our SVM classifiers. Further, protein interactions, which are proven via experimental findings but not resolved structurally, were subjected to this approach where 3D-models of the complexes were generated and most likely interfaces were predicted. A web server called Protein Complex Prediction by Interface Properties (PCPIP) is developed to predict whether interface of a given protein–protein dimer complex resembles known protein interfaces. The server is freely available at http://www.hpppi.iicb.res.in/pcpip/.

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