scholarly journals EU Country and EFTA Country Export Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Guðmundur Kristján Óskarsson ◽  
Helga Kristjánsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
Efta Country ◽  
Trade Bloc ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

This research seeks to analyze the export differences facing countries in the EU and EFTA. This is firstly to analyze the effects on international trade of the trade bloc of the European Union (EU), and secondly the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and provide a comparison of these two. This research seeks to analyze exports determinants to answer these two questions. There are two countries selected for this study, the small EFTA country Iceland, and the large EU country UK, before BREXIT. We apply a gravity model in our econometric analysis, with exports dependent on the gross domestic product, population, and geographic distance. We estimate these effects on the exports of both the UK and Iceland in separate equation systems. We conclude that exports from the UK, before BREXIT, are more negatively affected by geographical distance than exports for the EFTA country Iceland, when corrected for gross domestic product and population size.

Part III Jurisdiction, Foreign Judgments and Awards, 15 Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments and Arbitral Awards in England—An Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torremans Paul
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
Direct Operation ◽  
Recognition And Enforcement ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines how foreign judgments and arbitral awards are recognised and enforced in England. Unsatisfied foreign judgments and arbitral awards give rise to complicated questions concerning private international law. Owing to the principle of territorial sovereignty, a judgment delivered in one country cannot, in the absence of international agreement, have a direct operation of its own force in another. This chapter first considers the effect given to foreign judgments and arbitral awards before discussing the different regimes governing recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In particular, it looks at judgments from outside the European Union and European Free Trade Association (EFTA), judgments from an EU or EFTA state, and judgments from other parts of the UK. It also analyses issues relating to insolvency, family law, and wills and successions and concludes with an overview of rules under which foreign arbitral awards are recognised and enforced.

scholarly journals Communicating European Archives: Challenges, Strategies and Tools

Atlanti ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Dieter Schlenker
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Digital Archives ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
The Eu

This article outlines the insights gained during the establishment of a communications strategy for the Historical Archives of the European Union (HAEU) in Florence. The article reflects on how key messages of a unique transnational European archives are construed from its mission, legal framework and in close collaboration with EU institutional archives services. It also sheds light on how to identify a specific European target audience for the Archives and other key elements of a communications strategy for a European archives.The HAEU is the official home for the historical documents of the European Union Institutions, Bodies and Agencies. It is part of the European University Institute, a unique academic hub for doctoral and post-doctoral European studies. It houses, at Villa Salviati in Florence, seven kilometres of paper and digital archives as well as rich audio-visual and oral history collections documenting the historical process of European integration and cooperation. The EU-institutional archives are made accessible to the public after 30 years.The HAEU also hosts 160 deposits of private papers from eminent European political leaders, EU officials and pioneers in the European integration process, and a unique collection of archives of pro-Eu-ropean movements and non-EU organisations with a European scope, such as the European Space Agen-cy and the European Free Trade Association.

Public Procurement Regulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H Bovis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

In the European Union, public procurement refers to all contractual relations for supplies, works, and services between public-sector authorities of Member States as well as entities operating as utilities in Member States and the private sector. Public procurement by EU Member States accounts for €1 trillion, representing 20 per cent of the EU gross domestic product (GDP).

scholarly journals Prevalence and estimation of hepatitis B and C infections in the WHO European Region: a review of data focusing on the countries outside the European Union and the European Free Trade Association

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. HOPE ◽  
I. ERAMOVA ◽  
D. CAPURRO ◽  
M. C. DONOGHOE
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
European Region ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Eu

SUMMARYKnowledge of hepatitis B and C prevalence, and numbers infected, are important for planning responses. Published HBsAg and anti-HCV prevalences for the 20 WHO European Region countries outside the EU/EFTA were extracted, to complement published data for the EU/EFTA. The general population prevalence of HBsAg (median 3·8%, mean 5·0%, seven countries) ranged from 1·3% (Ukraine) to 13% (Uzbekistan), and anti-HCV (median 2·3%, mean 3·8%, 10 countries) from 0·5% (Serbia, Tajikistan) to 13% (Uzbekistan). People who inject drugs had the highest prevalence of both infections (HBsAg: median 6·8%, mean 8·2%, 13 countries; anti-HCV: median 46%, mean 46%, 17 countries), and prevalence was also elevated in men who have sex with men and sex workers. Simple estimates indicated 13·3 million (1·8%) adults have HBsAg and 15·0 million (2·0%) HCV RNA in the WHO European Region; prevalences were higher outside the EU/EFTA countries. Efforts to prevent, diagnose, and treat these infections need to be maintained and improved.This article may not be reprinted or reused in any way in order to promote any commercial products or services.

scholarly journals STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES USING THE METHOD OF STANDARD VARIABLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Krasňanská ◽  
Ľubica Hurbánková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Integral Indicator

The aim of this paper is to compare the European Union countries on the basis of selected socio-economic and demographic indicators for the year 2016. The following indicators are selected for analysis: gross domestic product per capita, government gross debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, inflation rate, unemployment rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate and crude divorce rate. The contributions of the paper are to order the countries on the basis of the above-mentioned indicators, from the best country to the worst country using one of the multidimensional comparison methods – the method of standard variable. The aim of this method is to replace a number of selected indicators with one final characteristic – an integral indicator. Since the used indicators do not have the same weights, calculations are used on data weighted by weights I (calculated using the coefficient of variation) and weights II (calculated on the basis of the correlation matrix). When evaluating the EU countries on the basis of the selected indicators using the method of standard variable; Luxembourg, Ireland, Denmark and France ranked first. Among the worst countries we include Greece, Hungary, Spain and Portugal.

12. The Enlarging European Union

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Michalski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Institutional Actors ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the pervasiveness and importance of enlargement in the history of European integration. It first considers the principles, conditions, and instruments of enlargement before discussing the roles of various institutional actors and the candidate states. It then shows how, faced with the likelihood of large-scale Central and Eastern European accession, the European Union extended the requirements for membership to include the candidate countries' democratic credentials and economic competitiveness. The first enlargement included Britain, Denmark, and Ireland, followed by Greece, Spain, and Portugal, the European Free Trade Association, the Central and Eastern European countries, Cyprus, and Malta. The chapter also explains how the EU has developed a variety of strategies to deal with growing differences among the member states' socio-economic situations and policy needs without formally resorting to a division of its membership in concentric circles, core and peripheral groups, or alternative frameworks.

scholarly journals Incidence of Vaccine-Preventable Childhood Diseases in the European Union and in the European Free Trade Association Countries

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Estera Jachowicz ◽  
Magdalena Gębicka ◽  
Daria Plakhtyr ◽  
Myroslav Shynkarenko ◽  
Juri Urbanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
Median Incidence ◽  
The Eu

Introduction: Despite the widespread availability of vaccines, the incidence of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases (VPCD) started to grow in recent years. The aim of the study was to compare the annual incidence of selected VPCDs in the EU (European Union) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) countries in the period of the last 5 years (2014–2019 or other intervals, depending on data availability), and the country-specific vaccine schedules. Methods: VPCD incidence rates in Europe were based on “The Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases” by the ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control); vaccination schedules were based on ECDC reports. Results: The obligation to vaccinate was not universal, and it generally only applied to two preparations: the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine and the one against polio. During the study, the situation associated with mumps did not change or improve in individual countries; the median incidence amounted to 30 cases. The median incidence associated with rubella amounted to 1 case, but in a few countries, it grew very rapidly, i.e., in Germany, Italy, and Romania; in Poland, the incidence was clearly decreasing, from 5923 to 1532 cases. The most dynamic situation concerned measles. The total median was 2.4 cases per 100,000 population; the only one country with falling incidence was Germany. The diseases associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis remained at a stable level in all analyzed countries. Conclusion: Vaccine schedules differ among the countries, so does the epidemiological situation of selected diseases. Morbidity on measles was the most disturbing phenomenon: the incidence rate increased in almost 40% of all countries, regardless of the obligation to vaccinate. The increasing incidence of VPCD may be due to anti-vaccine movements, the activity of which is often caused by mistrust and spreading misinformation. In order to better prevent the increase in morbidity, standardization of vaccine schedules and documentation should be considered in the EU countries.

EVALUATION OF EXPORT DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES FROM TURKEY TO LITHUANIA

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnė JOTAUTAITĖ ◽  
Eglė JOTAUTIENĖ
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Database Analysis ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Textile Products

In this paper, export opportunities of textile products from Turkey to Lithuania are analyzed. The main goal of this article is to present an analysis of the opportunities to import textile products from Turkey to Lithuania. The empirical research basing on the statistical database analysis was used. The analysis of Turkey’s markets was showed that the economy is strongly dependent on exports of various products from Turkey and it is about one forth of Turkey’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The bulk of exports from Turkey is t o countries in the European Union. Turkey is one of the world’s largest manufacturers and exporters of textiles. The analysis of Lithuanian markets was indicated that Lithuania has a feasible market for imports due to its fast growing GDP, increasing labor wages and modernization of agriculture industry. Furthermore, advantageous and adequate policies of Lithuania’s foreign trade should encourage the development of imports to this country. The demand for textile products in Lithuania is growing rapidly and it is one of the most important sectors in fostering its economy

The Law & Politics of Brexit: Volume II

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Financial Settlement ◽  
The Eu

This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the withdrawal agreement concluded between the United Kingdom and the European Union to create the legal framework for Brexit. Building on a prior volume, it overviews the process of Brexit negotiations that took place between the UK and the EU from 2017 to 2019. It also examines the key provisions of the Brexit deal, including the protection of citizens’ rights, the Irish border, and the financial settlement. Moreover, the book assesses the governance provisions on transition, decision-making and adjudication, and the prospects for future EU–UK trade relations. Finally, it reflects on the longer-term challenges that the implementation of the 2016 Brexit referendum poses for the UK territorial system, for British–Irish relations, as well as for the future of the EU beyond Brexit.

Square Pegs and Round Holes (Continued): Financial Market Surveillance Authorities and Internal Market Association

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 32-59
Author(s):  
GEORGES S BAUR
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
The One

AbstractAfter the financial crisis of 2008, the European Union (‘EU’) not only increased its substantial legislation regarding financial services, but also built up a strong and unified system of financial market supervision. In particular, central surveillance authorities were created. These were given far-reaching competences with regard to substituting dysfunctional national authorities or players in the financial services sector. The three European Economic Area (‘EEA’) and European Free Trade Association (‘EFTA’) States—Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway—participate in the EU's internal market through their membership of the EEA. In order to continue participating on an equal footing in the internal market for financial services and to honour their duty to maintain homogeneity, the EEA EFTA States also had to incorporate the new institutional setup regarding financial services supervision. This obligation, however, in particular relating to certain intrusive powers of the new surveillance authorities, collided with some constitutional reservations, above all of the two Nordic EEA EFTA States. This article will show how these conflicting aims could be merged into a system that on the one hand guarantees the unified overall approach needed for strengthened surveillance of the internal market for financial services, and on the other hand safeguards certain constitutional reservations of the EEA EFTA States. It also looks at how third countries that do not (fully) participate in the internal market, such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland, are likely to be treated in this context by the EU.

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