scholarly journals Synthetic and Marine-Derived Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Neto ◽  
José Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Graft ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
The Body ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bone Properties

Bone is a vascularized and connective tissue. The cortical bone is the main part responsible for the support and protection of the remaining systems and organs of the body. The trabecular spongy bone serves as the storage of ions and bone marrow. As a dynamic tissue, bone is in a constant remodelling process to adapt to the mechanical demands and to repair small lesions that may occur. Nevertheless, due to the increased incidence of bone disorders, the need for bone grafts has been growing over the past decades and the development of an ideal bone graft with optimal properties remains a clinical challenge. This review addresses the bone properties (morphology, composition, and their repair and regeneration capacity) and puts the focus on the potential strategies for developing bone repair and regeneration materials. It describes the requirements for designing a suitable scaffold material, types of materials (polymers, ceramics, and composites), and techniques to obtain the porous structures (additive manufacturing techniques like robocasting or derived from marine skeletons) for bone tissue engineering applications. Overall, the main objective of this review is to gather the knowledge on the materials and methods used for the production of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and to highlight the potential of natural porous structures such as marine skeletons as promising alternative bone graft substitute materials without any further mineralogical changes, or after partial or total transformation into calcium phosphate.

scholarly journals Synthetic and Marine-Derived Porous Bone Graft Substitutes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Neto ◽  
José Maria Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Graft ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Bone Graft Substitute ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bone Properties ◽  
Bone Graft Substitutes

Bone is a dynamic tissue with the capacity of repair and regeneration in specific conditions. Nevertheless, due to the increased incidence of bone disorders, the need of bone grafts has been growing over the past decades and the development of an ideal bone graft with optimal properties remains a clinical challenge. This review addresses the bone properties (morphology, composition and their repair and regeneration capacity) and puts the main focus on the potential strategies for developing bone repair and regeneration materials. It describes the requirements for designing a suitable scaffold material, types of materials (polymers, ceramics and composites) and techniques to obtain the porous structures (additive manufacturing techniques/robocasting or derived from marine skeletons) for bone tissue engineering applications. The main objective of this review is to gather the knowledge on the materials and methods for the production of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and highlighting the potential of natural porous structures such as marine skeletons as promising alternative bone graft substitute materials without any further mineralogical changes, or after partial or total transformation into calcium phosphate. The suitability of the marine-derived porous bone graft substitutes for the intended applications will be also discussed.

scholarly journals Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications in Bone Regeneration

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya J. Levingstone ◽  
Simona Herbaj ◽  
Nicholas J. Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Calcium Phosphates ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Factors ◽  
Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles

Bone injuries and diseases constitute a burden both socially and economically, as the consequences of a lack of effective treatments affect both the patients’ quality of life and the costs on the health systems. This impended need has led the research community’s efforts to establish efficacious bone tissue engineering solutions. There has been a recent focus on the use of biomaterial-based nanoparticles for the delivery of therapeutic factors. Among the biomaterials being considered to date, calcium phosphates have emerged as one of the most promising materials for bone repair applications due to their osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity and their ability to be resorbed in the body. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles have received particular attention as non-viral vectors for gene therapy, as factors such as plasmid DNAs, microRNAs (miRNA) and silencing RNA (siRNAs) can be easily incorporated on their surface. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic factors have also been delivered to the site of bone injury using scaffolds and hydrogels. This review provides an extensive overview of the current state-of-the-art relating to the design and synthesis of calcium phosphate nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic factors, the mechanisms of therapeutic factors’ loading and release, and their application in bone tissue engineering.

Conceptual design of three-dimensional scaffolds of powder-based materials for bone tissue engineering applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramakrishna Vasireddi ◽  
Bikramjit Basu
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Pore Size Distributions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility to construct tissue-engineered bone repair scaffolds with pore size distributions using rapid prototyping techniques. Design/methodology/approach – The fabrication of porous scaffolds with complex porous architectures represents a major challenge in tissue engineering and the design aspects to mimic complex pore shape as well as spatial distribution of pore sizes of natural hard tissue remain unexplored. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the three-dimensional printing process to study its potential for scaffold fabrication as well as some innovative design of homogeneously porous or gradient porous scaffolds is described and such design has wider implication in the field of bone tissue engineering. Findings – The present work discusses biomedically relevant various design strategies with spatial/radial gradient in pore sizes as well as with different pore sizes and with different pore geometries. Originality/value – One of the important implications of the proposed novel design scheme would be the development of porous bioactive/biodegradable composites with gradient pore size, porosity, composition and with spatially distributed biochemical stimuli so that stem cells loaded into scaffolds would develop into complex tissues such as those at the bone–cartilage interface.

scholarly journals Characterization and In Vitro Assessment Of Three-Dimensional Extrusion Mg-Sr Codoped SiO2-Complexed Porous Micro-Hydroxyapatite Whisker Scaffolds For Bone Tissue Engineering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyong Li ◽  
Tingting Yan ◽  
Zhenkai Lou ◽  
Zhimin Jiang ◽  
Zhi Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Active Elements

Abstract Background Orthopedics has made great progress with the development of medical treatment; however, large bone defects are still great challenges for orthopedic surgeons. A good bone substitute that can be obtained through bone tissue engineering may be an effective treatment method. Artificial hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of bones, but its applications are limited due to its fragility and lack of bone-active elements. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce its fragility and improve its biological activity. Methods In this study, we developed micro-hydroxyapatite whiskers (mHAws), which were doped with the essential trace active elements Mg2+ and Sr2+ through a low-temperature sintering technique, used silica complexes to improve the mechanical properties, and then manufactured the bionic porous scaffolds by extrusion molding and freeze-drying. Results Four types of scaffolds were obtained: mHAw-SiO2, Mg-doped mHAw-SiO2, Sr-doped mHAw-SiO2 and Mg-Sr-codoped mHAw-SiO2. These composite porous scaffolds have been suggested to have a sufficiently porous morphology with appropriate mechanical strength, are noncytotoxic, are able to support cell proliferation and spreading, and, more importantly, can promote the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. Conclusion Therefore, these doped scaffolds not only have physical and chemical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering, but also have higher osteogenic bioactivity, and can be possibly serve as potential bone repair material.

Preparation and characterization of porous hydroxyapatite/β-cyclodextrin-based polyurethane composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Du ◽  
Shuchun Gan ◽  
Qihao Bian ◽  
Duhan Fu ◽  
Yan Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Composite Scaffolds ◽  
Porous Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Polyurethane Composite

In this study, novel porous scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite and β-cyclodextrin-based polyurethane were first successfully fabricated by polymerizing β-cyclodextrin with hexamethylene diisocyanate and hydroxyapatite in situ for bone tissue engineering. The physicochemical and mechanical properties as well as cytocompatibility of porous scaffolds were investigated. The results showed that polyurethane reinforced with hydroxyapatite composites had cancellous bone-like porous structure. The mechanical strength of the scaffolds increased with increasing the hydroxyapatite content in scaffolds. Synthesized scaffolds (PU1, PUHA1, PU2, and PUHA2) presented compressive strength values of 0.87 ± 0.24 MPa, 1.81 ± 0.10 MPa, 6.16 ± 0.89 MPa, and 12.95 ± 2.05 MPa, respectively. The pore size and porosity of these scaffolds were suitable for bone regeneration. Cytocompatibility of composite scaffolds was proven via favorable interactions with MC3T3-E1 cells. The addition of hydroxyapatite into CD-based polyurethane scaffolds improved cell attachment, well-spread morphology, and higher proliferation. The hydroxyapatite-polyurethane scaffolds have the potential to be applied in bone repair and regeneration.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Mechanically Loaded Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Bone Tissue Engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5816
Author(s):  
Kar Wey Yong ◽  
Jane Ru Choi ◽  
Jean Yu Choi ◽  
Alistair C. Cowie
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Graft ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Defects

Large bone defects are a major health concern worldwide. The conventional bone repair techniques (e.g., bone-grafting and Masquelet techniques) have numerous drawbacks, which negatively impact their therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, there is a demand to develop an alternative bone repair approach that can address the existing drawbacks. Bone tissue engineering involving the utilization of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) has recently emerged as a key strategy for the regeneration of damaged bone tissues. However, the use of tissue-engineered bone graft for the clinical treatment of bone defects remains challenging. While the role of mechanical loading in creating a bone graft has been well explored, the effects of mechanical loading factors (e.g., loading types and regime) on clinical outcomes are poorly understood. This review summarizes the effects of mechanical loading on hMSCs for bone tissue engineering applications. First, we discuss the key assays for assessing the quality of tissue-engineered bone grafts, including specific staining, as well as gene and protein expression of osteogenic markers. Recent studies of the impact of mechanical loading on hMSCs, including compression, perfusion, vibration and stretching, along with the potential mechanotransduction signalling pathways, are subsequently reviewed. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and prospects of bone tissue engineering applications.

Exploration of gum ghatti-modified porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 2389-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anita Lett ◽  
Suresh Sagadevan ◽  
Zohreh Shahnavaz ◽  
Muthiah Bavani Latha ◽  
Karthick Alagarswamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Gum Ghatti ◽  
Hydroxyl Apatite

Taking advantage of the tissue engineering principles, the formed hydroxyl apatite-modified gum ghatti biomaterial with its porous nature, biocompatibility, and efficient mechanical properties can be potential for the bone repair and regeneration.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Polyurethane-Based Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 946
Author(s):  
Piotr Szczepańczyk ◽  
Monika Szlachta ◽  
Natalia Złocista-Szewczyk ◽  
Jan Chłopek ◽  
Kinga Pielichowska
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Autogenous Bone ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Current State ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
Recent Developments

To meet the needs of clinical medicine, bone tissue engineering is developing dynamically. Scaffolds for bone healing might be used as solid, preformed scaffolding materials, or through the injection of a solidifiable precursor into the defective tissue. There are miscellaneous biomaterials used to stimulate bone repair including ceramics, metals, naturally derived polymers, synthetic polymers, and other biocompatible substances. Combining ceramics and metals or polymers holds promise for future cures as the materials complement each other. Further research must explain the limitations of the size of the defects of each scaffold, and additionally, check the possibility of regeneration after implantation and resistance to disease. Before tissue engineering, a lot of bone defects were treated with autogenous bone grafts. Biodegradable polymers are widely applied as porous scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The most valuable features of biodegradable polyurethanes are good biocompatibility, bioactivity, bioconductivity, and injectability. They may also be used as temporary extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone tissue healing and regeneration. Herein, the current state concerning polyurethanes in bone tissue engineering are discussed and introduced, as well as future trends.

scholarly journals Development of Biopolymeric Hybrid Scaffold-Based on AAc/GO/nHAp/TiO2 Nanocomposite for Bone Tissue Engineering: In-Vitro Analysis

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1319
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan ◽  
Wafa Shamsan Al-Arjan ◽  
Mona Saad Binkadem ◽  
Hassan Mehboob ◽  
Adnan Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Vitro Analysis ◽  
Nanocomposite Scaffolds

Bone tissue engineering is an advanced field for treatment of fractured bones to restore/regulate biological functions. Biopolymeric/bioceramic-based hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds are potential biomaterials for bone tissue because of biodegradable and biocompatible characteristics. We report synthesis of nanocomposite based on acrylic acid (AAc)/guar gum (GG), nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp NPs), titanium nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and optimum graphene oxide (GO) amount via free radical polymerization method. Porous scaffolds were fabricated through freeze-drying technique and coated with silver sulphadiazine. Different techniques were used to investigate functional group, crystal structural properties, morphology/elemental properties, porosity, and mechanical properties of fabricated scaffolds. Results show that increasing amount of TiO2 in combination with optimized GO has improved physicochemical and microstructural properties, mechanical properties (compressive strength (2.96 to 13.31 MPa) and Young’s modulus (39.56 to 300.81 MPa)), and porous properties (pore size (256.11 to 107.42 μm) and porosity (79.97 to 44.32%)). After 150 min, silver sulfadiazine release was found to be ~94.1%. In vitro assay of scaffolds also exhibited promising results against mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines. Hence, these fabricated scaffolds would be potential biomaterials for bone tissue engineering in biomedical engineering.

scholarly journals THREE-DIMENSIONAL NANOCOMPOSITE SCAFFOLDS FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING: FROM DESIGN TO APPLICATION

Nano LIFE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250005 ◽  
Author(s):  
BIN DUAN ◽  
MIN WANG ◽  
WILLIAM W. LU
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Surface Modified ◽  
Nanocomposite Scaffolds

Selective laser sintering (SLS), a rapid prototyping technology, was investigated for producing bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Completely biodegradable osteoconductive calcium phosphate (Ca-P)/poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) scaffolds were successfully fabricated via SLS using Ca-P/PHBV nanocomposite microspheres. In the SLS manufacturing route, the architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds (pore shape, size, interconnectivity, etc.) can be designed and the sintering process can be optimized for obtaining scaffolds with desirable porous structures and mechanical properties. SLS was also shown to be very effective in producing highly complex porous structures using nanocomposite microspheres. To render SLS-formed Ca-P/PHBV scaffolds osteoinductive, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) could be loaded onto the scaffolds. For achieving a controlled release of rhBMP-2 from scaffolds, surface modification of Ca-P/PHBV scaffolds by gelatin entrapment and heparin immobilization was needed. The immobilized heparin provided binding affinity for rhBMP-2. Surface modified Ca-P/PHBV nanocomposite scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2 enhanced the proliferation of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) and also their alkaline phosphatase activity. In in vivo experiments using a rabbit model, surface modified Ca-P/PHBV nanocomposite scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2 promoted ectopic bone formation, exhibiting their osteoinductivity. The strategy of combining advanced scaffold fabrication, nanocomposite material, and controlled growth factor delivery is promising for bone tissue regeneration.

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