scholarly journals Improvement of Adhesive Wear Behavior by Variable Heat Treatment of a Tool Steel for Sheet Metal Forming

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Gonzalez-Pociño ◽  
Florentino Alvarez-Antolin ◽  
Juan Asensio-Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Adhesive Wear ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Quench Cooling

Vanadis 10 steel is a powder metallurgy (PM) processed tool steel. It is a ledeburitic steel with 8% Cr and 10% V. By deliberately varying the process parameters related to the quenching, tempering, and nitriding of these steels, the aim of this study is to determine which of these parameters have a significant influence on its adhesive wear resistance. The research methodology employed was a Design of Experiments (DoE) with six factors and two levels for each factor. The tempering temperature, number of temperings, and carrying out of a thermochemical nitriding treatment were found to have a significant effect. To increase adhesive wear resistance, austenitization at 1100 °C with air cooling is recommended, followed by three temperings at 500 °C and a subsequent nitriding treatment. It should be noted that the quench cooling medium does not have a significant influence on wear resistance. Furthermore, (Fe,Cr)7C3 (M7C3 carbides) are transformed into carbonitrides during nitriding. However, (Fe,V)C (MC carbides) are not affected by this nitriding process.

scholarly journals Tool surface with a supporting plateau of hard particles for deep drawing of high alloy steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 14006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Freiße ◽  
Thomas Seefeld
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Adhesive Wear ◽  
High Alloy ◽  
High Alloy Steel ◽  
Hard Particles ◽  
Aluminium Bronze ◽  
Tool Surface ◽  
Alloy Steels

Sheet metal forming normally requires the application of lubricants to protect the tool and the sheet against wear. The parts must be cleaned to remove the lubricants before joining and coating. This process step wastes energy and water resources. In the case of non-lubricated sheet metal forming, cleaning processes would not be necessary anymore and the process chain could be optimized regarding ecological and economical aspects. However, forming without lubrication leads to an intensive contact between the tool and the sheet. Thus, higher wear occurs and process reliability cannot be ensured for industrial mass production. High alloy steels are applied for mass-market products e.g. for appliances. Because of the higher strength, strain hardening and galling effects the austenitic steels are comparatively difficult to form. For dry metal forming of high alloy steels new tool concept must be developed to withstand the higher loads. In this work, a laser generated tool surface with a supporting plateau of hard particles (metal matrix composite (MMC-surface)) is presented. Spherical fused tungsten carbides were injected into the surface by laser melt injection. The metallic matrix of the composite was rejected by applying laser ablation. In consequence, the hard particles stood out of the matrix and were in direct contact with the sheet material. The surface of hard particles had a high hardness about 3000 HV and less metallic character. Cold working steel and aluminium bronze were tested as reference tool materials. Dry and lubricated forming experiments were carried out by strip drawing with bending and deep drawing of cups. Dry deep drawing of cups was not possible by using cold work tool steel. This can be traced back to the occurrence of wrinkles and cup base fracture at the same time. Applying aluminium bronze as tool material for dry metal forming resulted in high adhesive wear. Within this work the feasibility of dry metal forming of high alloy steel could be demonstrated by applying the MMC-surface whereby adhesive wear could be reduced.

scholarly journals Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructures and Wear Behavior of a 500 HB Grade Wear-Resistant Steel

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erding Wen ◽  
Renbo Song ◽  
Wenming Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Temper Embrittlement ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Resistant Steel ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Wear Resistant ◽  
The Impact

The microstructure and wear behavior of a 500 Brinell hardness (HB) grade wear-resistant steel tempered at different temperatures were investigated in this study. The tempering microstructures and wear surface morphologies were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The relationship between mechanical properties and wear resistance was analyzed. The microstructure of the steel mainly consisted of tempered martensite and ferrite. Tempered troosite was obtained when the tempering temperature was over 280 °C. The hardness decreased constantly with the increase of tempering temperature. The same hardness was obtained when tempered at 260 °C and 300 °C, due to the interaction of Fe3C carbides and dislocations. The impact toughness increased first and reached a peak value when tempered at 260 °C. As the tempering temperature was over 260 °C, carbide precipitation would occur along the grain boundaries, which led to temper embrittlement. The best wear resistance was obtained when tempered at 200 °C. At the initiation of the wear test, surface hardness was considered to be the dominant influencing factor on wear resistance. The effect of surface hardness improvement on wear resistance was far greater than the impact toughness. With the wear time extending, the crushed quartz sand particles and the cut-down burs would be new abrasive particles which would cause further wear. Otherwise, the increasing contact temperature would soften the matrix and the adhesive wear turned out to be the dominant wear mechanism, which would result in severe wear.

scholarly journals Influence of Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Resistance and Microstructure of AISI A8 Tool Steel

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pello Jimbert ◽  
Maider Iturrondobeitia ◽  
Julen Ibarretxe ◽  
Roberto Fernandez-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Cryogenic Treatment ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Secondary Carbide ◽  
Tool Steels ◽  
Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽  
Cold Work Tool Steel

The effects of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the wear behavior of different tool steels have been widely reported in the scientific literature with uneven results. Some tool steels show a significant improvement in their wear resistance when they have been cryogenically treated while others exhibit no relevant amelioration or even a reduction in their wear resistance. In this study, the influence of DCT was investigated for a grade that has been barely studied in the scientific literature, the AISI A8 air-hardening medium-alloy cold work tool steel. Several aspects were analyzed in the present work: the wear resistance of the alloy, the internal residual stress, and finally the secondary carbide precipitation in terms of lengths and occupied area and its distribution into the microstructure. The results revealed a reduction in the wear rate of about 14% when the AISI A8 was cryogenically treated before tempering. The number of carbides that precipitated into the microstructure was 6% higher for the cryogenically treated samples, increasing from 0.68% to 0.73% of the total area they covered. Furthermore, the distribution of the carbides into the microstructure was more homogenous for the cryogenically treated samples.

scholarly journals Wear Behavior of MoS 2 Lubricant Layers During Sheet Metal Forming

2017 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd-Arno Behrens ◽  
Hans Jürgen Maier ◽  
Sven Hübner ◽  
Christian Bonk ◽  
Amer Almohallami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Wear Behavior

scholarly journals Influence Of Lubricants On Wear Resistance Of Aluminum Alloy Strips Series 2XXX

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1833-1838
Author(s):  
K. Żaba ◽  
P. Kita ◽  
M. Nowosielski ◽  
M. Kwiatkowski ◽  
M. Madej
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
2024 Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Aluminum Alloy 2024 ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Oil Company ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The article presents a properly planned and designed tests of the abrasive wear resistance 2024 aluminum alloy strips under friction conditions involving various lubricants. Test were focused on the selection of the best lubricant for use in industrial environment, especially for sheet metal forming. Three lubricants of the Orlen Oil Company and one used in the sheet metal forming industry, were selected for tests. Tests without the use of lubricant were performed for a comparison. The tester T-05 was used for testing resistance to wear. As the counter samples were used tool steel - NC6 and steel for hot working - WCL, which are typical materials used for tools for pressing. The results are presented in the form of the force friction, abrasion depth, weight loss and coefficient of friction depending on the lubricant used and the type of counter samples. The results allowed for predicting set lubricant-material for tools which can be applied to sheet metal made of aluminum alloy 2024.

The influence of tool steel microstructure on friction in sheet metal forming

Wear ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 302 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1268-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kirkhorn ◽  
V. Bushlya ◽  
M. Andersson ◽  
J.-E. Ståhl
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Steel Microstructure

scholarly journals Effects of Microstructure Evolution on Fretting Wear Behaviors of 25CrNi2MoVE Steel under Different Tempering States

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Xiongfeng Hu ◽  
Fuqiang Lai ◽  
Shengguan Qu ◽  
Yalong Zhang ◽  
Haipeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Adhesive Wear ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Fatigue Wear ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Worn Surface

Increasing load requirements and harsh operating conditions have worsened the wear of drive shafts in special field vehicles. In this paper, the evolution of the microstructure and fretting wear behaviors of 25CrNi2MoVE torsion shaft steel and their influence on the wear mechanisms were investigated as a function of tempering temperature. The results showed that the coarse grain size, low matrix hardness and non-metallic inclusions in the as-received state lead to a high wear rate and serious adhesive wear. The grain refinement after normalizing and the formed M5C2 carbide and bainite helped to improve the wear resistance and worn surface quality. Low temperature tempering is conducive to further improve the wear resistance of normalized samples, and the wear rate and worn surface roughness are increased gradually after tempering temperature increases. For quenching, although martensite structure can achieve a lower wear rate, the coefficient of friction is much higher; the wear mechanisms are primarily fatigue wear and adhesive wear. Although the adhesive wear degree and worn surface roughness were increased, the optimal anti-wear performances are obtained under tempering at 350 °C with good continuity of the surface oxide film. Excessive tempering temperature will make the softened matrix unable to form a beneficial “third-body wear”.

scholarly journals Investigation on the Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Laser-Cladded High Aluminum and Chromium Fe-B-C Coating

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2443
Author(s):  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Jiang Ju ◽  
Weiwei Chang ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Adhesive Wear ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Metallurgical Bond ◽  
High Aluminum

In this study, a high aluminum and chromium Fe-B-C coating was prepared using laser cladding on 2Cr13 steel substrate. The microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance of the high aluminum and chromium Fe-B-C coating were investigated. The results show that this dense coating possesses good metallurgical bond with the substrate. The microstructure is mainly composed of α-(Fe, Cr, Al) lath martensite, orthorhombic M2B boride, orthogonal M3C2, and orthorhombic M7C3 carbides. The microhardness of the coating can reach 620 HV which is 3.3-times higher than that (190 HV) of the substrate. The coating shows a lower friction coefficient of 0.75 than that of the substrate (1.08). The wear rates of the substrate and the coating are 0.295 mg/min and 0.103 mg/min, respectively, indicating the coating exhibits excellent wear resistance. The wear mechanism transforms severe adhesive wear and abrasive wear of the substrate to slight abrasive wear of the coating. The results can provide technical support to improve the properties of the Fe-based laser cladded coating.

Influence of tempering temperature on the fretting wear of low alloyed martensitic construction steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (18) ◽  
pp. 2050164
Author(s):  
Qibing Tang ◽  
Xuejiao Wei ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Xinyue Qiu ◽  
Xiaojun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Damage Mechanism ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Martensitic Steels ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Construction Steel ◽  
Martensitic State ◽  
Strength And Ductility

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the fretting wear behavior of low alloyed construction steel in the tempered fully martensitic state. The resulting damage mechanism and the resistance to fretting wear of martensitic steels subjected to different tempering temperature was evaluated and compared with the virgin (un-tempered) martensitic steel under the different loading conditions. The results show that the friction coefficient increases with the increase of the tempering temperature for all the applied loads. The fretting wear resistance mainly depends on the tempering temperature. Compared to the virgin (un-tempered) full martensite, most of the tempered martensites have better fretting wear resistance, in which the tempered martensitic (TM) steel of [Formula: see text] due to a good balance of strength and ductility has a super fretting wear resistance for all loading conditions. In addition, the correlation of fretting wear resistance with the initial hardness was discussed.

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