scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanyi Liu ◽  
Donghui Wang ◽  
Zekun Li ◽  
Zhifa Li ◽  
Xiaoliang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Halogen Free

With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.

Flame-retardant halogen-free polymers using phosphorylated hexaglycidyl epoxy resin

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasool Kheyrabadi ◽  
Hossein Rahmani ◽  
S Heydar Mahmoudi Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Phosphine Oxide ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Epoxy Monomer ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Halogen Free

Flame-retardant halogen-free epoxy resin, containing phosphorus and nitrogen atoms in the main chain, was synthesized through the curing of tris(3-(bis(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)amino)phenyl)phosphine oxide (HGE, hexaglycidyl epoxy monomer), starting from tris(3-aminophenyl) phosphine oxide (TAPO) and epichlorohydrin. The molecular structure of HGE with molecular weight 660 was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. Epoxy equivalent weight determined by titration method was 120. The thermal curing behavior of the HGE/TAPO was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. An intense exotherm due to curing reaction was observed in the temperature range from 123°C to 215°C. The HGE cured with TAPO, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and the thermal behaviors were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The flame retardancy properties of the HGE/TAPO, DDS, and DAN were evaluated by vertical burning test (UL-94 V). The high performance cured epoxy resins showed high thermal stability and UL-94 V-0 flame retardancy rating.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yilin Liu ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Miaojun Xu ◽  
Lili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Average Mass

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.

Research Progress of Heat Hv Insulation Resistance of Macromolecular Composite Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 391-392 ◽  
pp. 332-335
Author(s):  
Yong Peng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Insulation Resistance ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Wet Heat

Epoxy resin (EP) with excellent performance was widely used as electronic encapsulation materials, but the traditional EP can not meet require of nowadays electronic encapsulation materials in wet-heat resistance, flame retardant, insulation and other performance. So the current research progress of EP with wet-heat resistance and high-performance was summarized in the field of electronic encapsulation.

scholarly journals Solid Wastes Toward Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanhua Gao ◽  
Siqi Huo ◽  
Zhenhu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Recycle And Reuse

It has been significant yet challenging to recycle and reuse different kinds of wastes because of their mass production within society. Many efforts have been conducted to reuse wastes in different fields. Interestingly, some wastes have been employed to replace traditional petroleum-based flame retardants for polymeric materials. This review focuses on the recent development of waste flame retardants and their impacts on thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of polymers, followed by representative flame-retardant mechanisms. Finally, the key challenges associated with waste flame retardants are presented, and some future perspectives are proposed.

scholarly journals Preparation of Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite DOPO-MMT by Melting Method and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy to Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3496
Author(s):  
Junming Geng ◽  
Jianyu Qin ◽  
Jiyu He
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Melting Method ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

An intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT was prepared through the melting method using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as a modifier. Epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared with DOPO-MMT, DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixtures of DOPO+MMT as flame retardants. The microstructure of the flame retardants and EP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and residual char structure of the EPs were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) test, the cone calorimeter (CONE) test as well as other characterization methods. The results showed that the intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT can be successfully prepared by the melting method and that the MMT is evenly dispersed in the EP/DOPO-MMT composite in the form of nanosheets. The EP/DOPO-MMT nanocomposites showed the optimal flame retardancy (LOI, UL-94, PHRR, etc.) among the EPs with DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixture of DOPO+MMT. The flame-retardant grade of the material reached V-0.

scholarly journals PREPARATION OF IRON- REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE/ EPOXY RESIN COMPOSITE AND ITS FLAME RETARDANCY AND THERMAL STABILITY

10.6036/10327 ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
XIAN WANG ◽  
JINLONG ZHUO ◽  
TIANQING XING ◽  
Xingran Wang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Iron Powder ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Industrial Manufacture ◽  
Ul 94

In order to reduce flammability, smoke release and enhance thermal stability of epoxy resin (EP), iron powder is mixed with graphene oxide/ epoxy resin (GO/EP) composite by mechanical blending. The combustion performance of composite material is investigated through limiting oxygen index (LOI), Underwriters Laboratory (UL)-94 test, and cone calorimeter test (CCT). Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are also used to explore the mechanism of flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Results show that, with the addition of 0.5% mass fraction of GO and the corresponding iron powder combination (EP3 sample), the LOI value can achieve 32.5% while reaching the UL-94 V0 rating. Compare with EP0, the peaks of heat release rate, smoke production rate, and smoke factor values of EP3 are decreased by 42%, 60%, and 50%, respectively. The char and TG-FTIR data of EP3 reveal that it has a more compact structure, good thermal stability, and produce fewer toxic gases and smoke. Reduction of GO could inhibit the degradation of EP, and iron catalyzes the formation of carbonaceous char on the surface. Thus, the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EP are improved significantly. This study provides a suitable way to prepare graphene/EP composites that contain iron catalyst and can be extended to the industrial manufacture of flame retardant polymer composites. Keywords: iron powder; epoxy resin; graphene oxide; flame retardant; thermal stability

scholarly journals Flame Retardancy of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 3275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-qiang Chai ◽  
Guo-qing Zhu ◽  
Yunji Gao ◽  
Jinju Zhou ◽  
Shuai Gao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Solution Blending

In order to study the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the flame retardancy of carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy resin (EP) composites, CF/EP and CNTs/CF/EP composites were prepared by solution blending. The flame retardancy and thermal stability were studied by cone calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that CNTs and CF had a certain synergistic effect on improving flame retardancy and thermal stability of EP. The peak heat release rate of F7N7, which represents the EP composites with 0.7 wt % CF and 0.7 wt % CNTs, was minimal. The total smoke production of F5N5 which represents the EP composites with 0.5 wt % CF and 0.5 wt % CNTs was the smallest, which was decreased by 43.04% more than the EP. The initial decomposition temperature of F7N7 was about 14 °C higher than that of F7, and the mass loss at Tmax was greatly reduced. The apparent activation energy of F7N7 is 2.7 kJ·mol−1 more than EP. Finally, the tensile and flexural strength of the composites were also improved, so it could be applied to a high-performance matrix of CF/EP composites, which are usually used as the advanced composites in the aerospace field.

Impacts of multi-element flame retardants on flame retardancy, thermal stability, and pyrolysis behavior of epoxy resin

2019 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Peng-Wei Liu ◽  
Kuan-Kuan Xiong ◽  
Hui-Hui Liu ◽  
Pei-Hua Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Pyrolysis Behavior
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