Sustainable and Clean Utilization of Yellow Phosphorus Slag (YPS): Activation and Preparation of Granular Rice Fertilizer

Yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) is a typical industrial solid waste, while it contains abundant silicon micronutrient required for the growth of rice. The key scientific problem to use the YPS as rice fertilizer is how to activate the slag efficiently during the phosphorite reduction smelting process. In this work, an alkaline rice fertilizer from the activated YPS was successfully prepared to use the micronutrients. Thermodynamic analyses of SiO2-CaO, SiO2-CaO-Al2O3, and SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO systems were discussed to optimize the acidity for reduction smelting. Results showed that the reduction smelting followed by the water quenching process can realize the reduction of phosphorite and activation of YPS synchronously. Ternary acidity m(SiO2)/(m(CaO) + m(MgO)) of 0.92 is suitable for the reduction smelting and activation of the slag. After smelting, the molten YPS can be effectively activated by water quenching, and 78.28% P, 90.03% Ca, and 77.12% Si in the YPS are activated, which can be readily absorbed by the rice roots. Finally, high-strength granular rice fertilizers with a particle size of Φ2–4 mm were successfully prepared from the powdery nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) and activated YPS mixture.

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Effects of quenching process on mechanical properties and microstructure of high strength steel

Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater Sci Ed ◽

10.1007/s11595-012-0593-1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 1024-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhengtao Duan ◽

Yanmei Li ◽

Mingya Zhang ◽

Minghan Shi ◽

Fuxian Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

High Strength Steel ◽

High Strength ◽

Quenching Process

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The Application of Direct Water Quenching Process in Hot Stamping of Boron Steels

Korean Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.3740/mrsk.2019.29.12.818 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 818-824

Author(s):

Hyeon Tae Park ◽

◽

Eui Pyo Kwon ◽

Ik-Tae Im

Keyword(s):

Hot Stamping ◽

Water Quenching ◽

Quenching Process ◽

Boron Steels

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Study on Phase Transformation in Hot Stamping Process of USIBOR® 1500 High-Strength Steel

Metals ◽

10.3390/met9101119 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1119 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Pengyun Zhang ◽

Le Zhu ◽

Chenyang Xi ◽

Junting Luo

Keyword(s):

Phase Transformation ◽

High Strength Steel ◽

Hot Stamping ◽

High Strength ◽

Transformation Kinetics ◽

Martensite Content ◽

Cct Curve ◽

Stamping Process ◽

Quenching Process ◽

Kinetics Of

Based on the Kirkaldy-Venugopalan model, a theoretical model for the phase transformation of USIBOR® 1500 high strength steel was established, and a graph of the phase transformation kinetics of ferrite, pearlite, and bainite were plotted using the software MATLAB. Meanwhile, with the use of the software DYNAFORM, the thermal stamping process of an automobile collision avoidance beam was simulated. The phase transformation law of USIBOR® 1500 high-strength steel during hot stamping was studied through a simulation of the phase transformation during the pressure holding quenching process. In combination with the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curve, the cooling rate of quenching must be greater than 27 °C/s to ensure maximum martensite content in the final parts, and the final martensite content increases as the initial temperature of the sheet rises.

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Effect of Particle Size on Microstructure and Element Diffusion at the Interface of Tungsten Carbide/High Strength Steel Composites

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12244164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 4164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hongmei Zhang ◽

Hongnan Li ◽

Ling Yan ◽

Chao Wang ◽

Fangfang Ai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Tungsten Carbide ◽

High Strength Steel ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

High Strength ◽

Average Particle ◽

Micro Hardness ◽

Vacuum Sintering ◽

Element Diffusion ◽

Average Grain Size

The microstructure and micro-hardness of tungsten carbide/high strength steel (WC/HSS) composites with different particle sizes were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultra-high temperature laser confocal microscopy (UTLCM) and micro-hardness testing. The composites were prepared by cold pressing and vacuum sintering. The results show that WC density tends to increase as the average grain size of WC decreases and the micro-hardness of WC increases with the decrease of WC particle size. The micro-hardness of WC near the bonding interface is higher than that in other regions. When the particle size of WC powder particles is 200 nm, a transition layer with a certain width is formed at the interface between WC and HSS, and the combination between the two materials is metallurgical. The iron element in the HSS matrix diffuses into the WC structure in contact with it, resulting in a fusion layer of a certain width, and the composite interface is relatively well bonded. When the average particle size of WC powder is 200 nm, W, Fe and Co elements significantly diffuse in the transition zone at the interface. With the increase of WC particle size, the trend of element diffusion decreases.

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Numerical Simulation of Water Quenching Process of an Engine Cylinder Head

Volume 1: Fora, Parts A, B, C, and D ◽

10.1115/fedsm2003-45538 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

De Ming Wang ◽

Ales Alajbegovic ◽

Xuming Su ◽

James Jan

Keyword(s):

Cylinder Head ◽

Water Quenching ◽

High Mass ◽

Computational Domain ◽

Monitoring Point ◽

Tetrahedral Grid ◽

Engine Cylinder ◽

Quenching Process ◽

Solid Part ◽

Two Fluid

Presented is a simulation of an engine cylinder head undergoing water quenching process using a recently developed approach for modeling quenching cooling of metal parts (Wang et al., 2002). The approach is based on the AVL SWIFT Eulerian two-fluid method with special emphasis on handling high mass exchange rate associated with quenching. A tetrahedral grid of 830,000 cells is generated for the computational domain, which includes the solid part of the cylinder head immersed in the fluid. Detailed vapor and temperature distributions are obtained which offer valuable information for the thermal stress analysis. It is observed that the temperature field within the cylinder head is highly non-uniform. The computed cylinder head monitoring point temperature versus time is compared with that registered by the thermal couple measurement. Reasonable agreement is observed. The simulation exercise may potentially be used to identify the cause of cracks often encountered in quenching heat treatment thereby lead to a better design of the process.

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Piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of lead-free Ga-modified 0.65BiFeO3–0.35BaTiO3 ceramics by water quenching process

Ferroelectrics ◽

10.1080/00150193.2019.1574642 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 541 (1) ◽

pp. 54-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Salman Ali KHAN ◽

Fazli AKRAM ◽

Rizwan Ahmed MALIK ◽

Jun Chan KIM ◽

Riffat Asim PASHA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ferroelectric Properties ◽

Lead Free ◽

Water Quenching ◽

Quenching Process

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Hot-Rolling and a Subsequent Direct-Quenching Process Enable Superior High-Cycle Fatigue Resistance in Ultra-High Strength Low Alloy Steels

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13204651 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 4651

Author(s):

Min-Seok Baek ◽

Young-Kyun Kim ◽

Tae-Won Park ◽

Jinhee Ham ◽

Kee-Ahn Lee

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Resistance ◽

Hot Rolling ◽

High Cycle Fatigue ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

High Strength ◽

Low Alloy Steels ◽

Cycle Fatigue ◽

Near Surface ◽

Direct Quenching ◽

Quenching Process

The current study investigated the effect of hot rolling reduction rate of ultra-high strength low alloy steel manufactured via the direct quenching process on microstructure, tensile and high-cycle fatigue properties of the alloy. In order to control the reduction rate of ultra-high strength steels (UHSSs) differently, the steels were produced with two different thicknesses, 6 mm (46.2%—reduction rate, A) and 15 mm (11.5%—reduction rate, B). Then, the two alloys were directly quenched under the same conditions. Both the UHSSs showed martensite in the near surface region and auto-tempered martensite and bainite in the center region. Tensile results showed that alloy A with higher fraction of finer martensite had higher yield strength by about 180 MPa (1523 MPa) than alloy B. The alloy A was also found to possess a higher tensile strength (~2.1 GPa) than alloy B. In addition, alloy A had higher strength than B, and the elongation of A was about 4% higher than that of alloy B. High-cycle fatigue results showed that the fatigue limits of alloys A and B were 1125 MPa and 1025 MPa, respectively. This means that alloy A is excellent not only in strength but also high-cycle fatigue resistance. Based on the above results, the correlation between the microstructure and deformation behaviors were also discussed.

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4344792 Reduction smelting process

International Journal of Multiphase Flow ◽

10.1016/0301-9322(83)90131-3 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 771-772

Keyword(s):

Smelting Process ◽

Reduction Smelting

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Abrasive Assisted Electrochemical Machining of Al-B4C Nanocomposite

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.523 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 787 ◽

pp. 523-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Rajkumar ◽

L. Poovazhgan ◽

P. Saravanamuthukumar ◽

S. Javed Syed Ibrahim ◽

S. Santosh

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Boron Carbide ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Electrochemical Machining ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

High Strength ◽

High Wear Resistance ◽

Particle Size Reduction

Aluminium reinforced with SiC, Al2O3 and B4C etc. possesses an attractive combination of properties such as high wear resistance, high strength to weight ratio and high specific stiffness. Among the various reinforced materials used for aluminium, B4C has outperformed all others in terms of hardening effect. Particle size reduction of B4C is found to have positive impact on the material hardness. In the view of physical properties, B4C has less density than that of SiC and Al2O3, which makes it an attractive reinforcement for aluminium and its alloys for light weight applications. In this work, Al nano B4C composite prepared by ultrasonic cavitation method was machined by Abrasive assisted electrochemical machining using cylindrical copper tool electrodes with SiC abrasive medium. In this paper, attempts have been made to model and optimize process parameters in Abrasive assisted Electro-Chemical Machining of Aluminium-Boron carbide nano composite. Optimization of process parameters is based on the statistical techniques using Response Surface Methodology with four independent input parameters such as voltage, current, abrasive concentration and feed rate were used to assess the process performance in terms of material removal rate and surface finish. The obtained results were compared with abrasive assisted electro chemical machining of Aluminium-Boron carbide micro composite and the effect of particle size on the process parameters was analyzed.

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