scholarly journals Performance of Mortars Made Using Ternary Binders with Addition of Slag, Fly Ash and Limestone Exposed to a Real Environmental Condition Compatible with Exposure Class XC3

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 5937
Author(s):  
Javier Ibáñez-Gosálvez ◽  
Teresa Real-Herraiz ◽  
José Marcos Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Eurocode 2 ◽  
Mechanical Strengths

The use of eco-friendly cements prepared with ternary binders could contribute to improving the sustainability of cement production. However, their use for manufacturing commercial cements is very low, at least in Spain. The purpose of this research is to study the behavior in the long term of mortars made with ternary binders which incorporated ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, and limestone, exposed to environmental conditions compatible with the specifications of exposure class XC3 of the Eurocode 2, compared to mortars without additions and mortars with binary binders. The exposure station was placed in an underground floor of a building used as a garage with circulation of vehicles and moderately high CO2 concentration. The ternary and binary binders verified the prescriptions of cement type CEM II/B. The microstructure was characterized using mercury intrusion porosimetry and electrical resistivity. Water absorption, diffusion coefficient, carbonation depth, mechanical strengths, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were determined. A loss of microstructure refinement with time was noted for all the analyzed binders, probably related to the development of carbonation and drying shrinkage. The binary mortars with slag and fly ash and the ternary binder which combined them showed the best mechanical performance at 250 days.

scholarly journals Effects of a Real Exposure Class XC4 Mediterranean Climate Environment in the Behavior of Mortars Made Using Ternary Binders with Addition of Slag, Fly Ash and Limestone

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5848
Author(s):  
Javier Ibáñez-Gosálvez ◽  
Teresa Real-Herraiz ◽  
José Marcos Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Pore Network ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Compressive And Flexural Strengths

For improving the contribution of the cement industry to mitigate global warming, many strategies have been put into practice, such as the use of eco-friendly cements with the incorporation of additions substituting clinker. Nevertheless, the use of ternary binders for the production of commercial cements is still reduced, particularly in Spain. The purpose of this research is to characterize the long-term influence produced by the exposure to a real in situ inland Mediterranean climate condition in the pore network, parameters related to durability and mechanical performance of mortars made with ternary binders, which incorporated limestone, fly ash, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, in comparison with mortars without additions and binary blended mortars. The site verified the specifications of exposure class XC4 of Eurocode 2. The ternary and binary binders accomplished the prescriptions of cement type CEM II/B. The pore network was studied with mercury intrusion porosimetry and electrical resistivity. Water absorption, diffusion coefficient, carbonation depth, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive and flexural strengths have been determined. The exposure to the environment produced after 250 days an increase in porosity, a loss of pore refinement, a rise of the carbonation depths, and a reduction in the mechanical strengths, highlighting the better overall performance of ternary mortar with both fly ash and slag.

scholarly journals Microstructure, Durability and Mechanical Properties of Mortars Prepared Using Ternary Binders with Addition of Slag, Fly Ash and Limestone

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6388
Author(s):  
Javier Ibáñez-Gosálvez ◽  
Teresa Real-Herraiz ◽  
José Marcos Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Mechanical Strengths ◽  
Furnace Slag

In order to improve the contribution to sustainability of cement production, several strategies have been developed, such as the incorporation of additions as clinker replacement. Regarding the production of commercial cements with additions, those made with binary binders are mostly produced. However, the use of ternary binders for manufacturing commercial cements is still very low, at least in Spain, and they could also be an adequate solution for producing eco-friendly cements. The objective of this research is to study the effects in the long term produced by ternary binders which combine the additions of blast furnace slag, fly ash and limestone in the microstructure, durability and mechanical performance of mortars, compared to mortars without additions and mortars made with binary binders. The ternary and binary binders accomplished the prescriptions for a cement type CEM II/B. The microstructure was characterized using mercury intrusion porosimetry, electrical resistivity and differential thermal analysis. Absorption after immersion, diffusion coefficient, mechanical strengths and ultrasonic pulse velocity were studied. The best performance was noted for ternary binder with both slag and fly ash, probably produced by the synergetic effects of slag hydration and fly ash pozzolanic reactions. These effects were more noticeable regarding the compressive strength.

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly Chopped Tire Rubber as Reinforcements in Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Geopolymer Concrete ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Naoh Solution

<p>One of the major challenges faced by researchers is to recycle industrial wastes in a manner that reduces their environmental impact in nature. An experimental study was carried out to determine the suitability of using chopped tire rubber as reinforcements in green and sustainable geopolymer concrete, with the purpose of using them as nonstructural products. The geopolymer mixture was made by mixing of fly ash powder, fine aggregate, and Superplasticizer in Na2SiO3/NaOH solution. Mixtures were divided into four different groups, with constant water to fly ash ratio of 0.12 and alkaline dosage of 45% by weight of fly ash, based on the recycled chopped tire rubber (CTR) content: 0, 10, 20, and 30% by volume of fine aggregate with two maximum sizes (2 and 4mm). Hardened properties of resulted geopolymer like compressive strength, density; and ultrasonic pulse velocity were examined at 28d. Besides that, X-Ray diffractometer and Scanning Electron Microscope were used in order to observe the microstructure of the resulted geopolymer concrete. In view of the consequences for this study, it is preferable to replace no more than 10% of fine aggregate in geopolymer concrete by CTR. In addition, according to SEM photographs, increasing the CTR content more voids will be pronounced and thus, decreasing the mechanical performance.</p>

scholarly journals Statistical Modelling of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer mortar using response surface methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zahid ◽  
Nasir Shafiq ◽  
Muhammad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Significance Level

The fly ash based geopolymer has emerged as a capable and sustainable binder material in construction industry. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) method is a non-destructive technique for investigating the mechanical performance of concrete. Experimental investigation was performed for studying the effect of NaOH Molarity, Na2SiO3/NaOH and curing temperature on the ultrasonic pulse velocity of geopolymer mortar. Experiments were designed based on central composite design (CCD) technique of response surface methodology (RSM). Statistical model was developed and statistically validated and found significant as the difference between adjustable R-squared and predicted R-squared less than 0.2. Finally, the optimized mix proportion was assessed for maximized value of UPV. Experimental validation on the optimized mix reveals the close agreement between experimental and predicted values of UPV with significance level of more than 95%. The proposed technique improves the yield, the reliability of the product and the processes.

scholarly journals The Hydration, Mechanical, Autogenous Shrinkage, Durability, and Sustainability Properties of Cement–Limestone–Slag Ternary Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1881
Author(s):  
Mei-Yu Xuan ◽  
Yi Han ◽  
Xiao-Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Autogenous Shrinkage ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Hydration Heat ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Binder Ratio

This study examines the hydration–mechanical–autogenous shrinkage–durability–sustainability properties of ternary composites with limestone filler (LF) and ground-granulated blast furnace slag (BFS). Four mixtures were prepared with a water/binder ratio of 0.3 and different replacement ratios varying from 0 to 45%. Multiple experimental studies were performed at various ages. The experimental results are summarized as follows: (1) As the replacement levels increased, compressive strength and autogenous shrinkage (AS) decreased, and this relationship was linear. (2) As the replacement levels increased, cumulative hydration heat decreased. At the age of 3 and 7 days, there was a linear relationship between compressive strength and cumulative hydration heat. (3) Out of all mixtures, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and electrical resistivity exhibited a rapid increase in the early stages and tended to slow down in the latter stages. There was a crossover of UPV among various specimens. In the later stages, the electrical resistivity of ternary composite specimens was higher than plain specimens. (4) X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that LF and BFS have a synergistic effect. (5) With increasing replacement ratios, the CO2 emissions per unit strength reduced, indicating the sustainability of ternary composites.

scholarly journals Attempts to Improve the Subsurface Properties of Horizontally-Formed Cementitious Composites Using Tin(II) Fluoride Nanoparticles

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Krzywiński ◽  
Łukasz Sadowski ◽  
Jacek Szymanowski ◽  
Andrzej Żak ◽  
Magdalena Piechówka-Mielnik
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Cementitious Composites ◽  
Fluoride Nanoparticles

This article presents studies that were performed in order to improve the subsurface properties of horizontally-formed cementitious composites using tin(II) fluoride nanoparticles. The main aim of the study was to solve the problem of the decrease in subsurface properties caused by mortar bleeding and the segregation of the aggregate along the height of the overlay. The article also aims to highlight the patch grabbing difficulties that occur during the process of forming horizontally-formed cementitious composites. Four specimens were analyzed: one reference sample and three samples modified with the addition of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of tin(II) fluoride nanoparticles in relation to the cement mass. To analyze the mechanical properties of the specimens, non-destructive (ultrasonic pulse velocity) and destructive tests (flexural tensile strength, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, pull-off strength) were performed. It was indicated that due to the addition of the tin(II) fluoride, it was possible to enhance the subsurface tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the tested cementitious composites. To confirm the obtained macroscopic results, the porosity of the subsurface was measured using SEM. It was also shown that the addition of the tin(II) fluoride nanoparticles did not reduce its flexural and compressive strength. The results show that horizontally-formed cementitious composites with the addition of 1.0% of tin(II) fluoride nanoparticles in relation to the cement mass obtained the most effective mechanical performance, especially with regard to subsurface properties.

Pulse Velocity Measurements in Fly Ash Blended Cementitious Systems Containing 43 Grade Cement

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Sounthararajan ◽  
A. Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pozzolanic Reaction ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Pozzolanic Material ◽  
Cementitious Systems

Investigations on the different supplementary cementitious materials based on the hardening properties and the optimized dosage in cementitious systems find the right choice of pozzolanic material. It is essential to combine various additive/admixtures in concrete in proper proportions to maximize the benefits resulting in cost savings in construction. In the recent years, production technology and composition of hydraulic cements affect the setting and early age behavior of cementitious material. The addition of fly ash in cement is one viable technology to derive maximum benefits in terms of the economy and improved pozzolanic reaction. Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing is a feasible method for evaluating the hardening properties of cementitious materials. In this study, an attempt was made to derive the engineering basis for understanding the development of hardness during hydration of fly ash (FA) based cementitious systems. The tests conducted using pulse velocity technique proved to be an effective method for characterizing the early strength gain properties of different cementitious systems.

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