scholarly journals Enhancements on Flame Resistance by Inorganic Silicate-Based Intumescent Coating Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6628
Author(s):  
Sin-Nan Chen ◽  
Pei-Kai Li ◽  
Tar-Hwa Hsieh ◽  
Ko-Shan Ho ◽  
Yu-Meng Hong
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Aluminum Hydroxide ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Back Surface ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Intumescent Coating

Flame-retardant coatings have drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, an inorganic sodium silicate-based intumescent flame-resistance coating with an excellent flameproof properties is developed by mainly utilizing sodium silicate as the ceramizable binder, via hydrolysis and self-condensation reaction. Fly ash, metakaoline, and wollastonite behave as supplement cementing materials. Major formulation encompasses the combination of the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol as the flame-retardant additives, and aluminum hydroxide or expandable graphite as the intumescence-improving filler agents. Expandable graphite was found to play an important role in the eventual performance of flame-resistance testing. The results showed that solid interaction forces can be formed between metakaoline and sodium silicate, resulting in a similar material to geopolymer with excellent physical properties. After high-temperature flame testing, a densely complex protective layer of carbon-char created on top of the robust silicon dioxide networks offers notable flame resistance. An optimal ratio in this inorganic intumescent coating contains sodium silicate—metakaoline (weight ratio = 9:1)—ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, aluminum hydroxide (3, 3, 10 wt.%)—expandable graphite (1 wt.%), which can create 4.7 times higher expansion ratio compared with neat sodium silicate matrix. The results of flame testing demonstrate only 387.1 °C and 506.3 °C on the back surface of steel substrate after one and three hours flaming (>1000 °C) on the other surface, respectively, which could meet the requirements according to the level of fire rating.

scholarly journals Improved Flame-Retardant and Ceramifiable Properties of EVA Composites by Combination of Ammonium Polyphosphate and Aluminum Hydroxide

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feipeng Lou ◽  
Kai Wu ◽  
Quan Wang ◽  
Zhongyu Qian ◽  
Shijuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Aluminum Hydroxide ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Alumina Trihydrate ◽  
Strength Improvement

Ceramifiable flame-retardant ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer composites for wire and cable sheathing materials were prepared through melt compounding with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and fluorophlogopite mica as the addition agents. The effects of ammonium polyphosphate, alumina trihydrate, and APP/ATH hybrid on the flame retardant, as well as on the thermal and ceramifiable properties of EVA composites, were investigated. The results demonstrated that the composites with the ratio of APP:ATH = 1:1 displayed the best flame retardancy and the greatest char residues among the various EVA composites. The tensile strength of the composites was 6.8 MPa, and the residue strength sintered at 1000 °C reached 5.2 MPa. The effect of sintering temperature on the ceramifiable properties, microstructures, and crystalline phases of the sintered specimen was subsequently investigated through X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD and FTIR results demonstrated that the crystal structure of mica was disintegrated, while magnesium orthophosphate (Mg3(PO4)2) was simultaneously produced at an elevated temperature, indicating that the ceramization of EVA composites had occurred. The SEM results demonstrated that a more continuous and compact microstructure was produced with the rise in the sintering temperature. This contributed to the flexural strength improvement of the ceramics.

Investigation of the Effect of Fillers on the Properties of the Expanded Coke Layer of Epoxyamine Compositions

2021 ◽  
Vol 1038 ◽  
pp. 539-546
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Hryhorenko ◽  
Yevheniia Zolkina ◽  
Natalia Vyacheslavovna Saienko ◽  
Yuri Viktorovich Popov
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Aluminum Hydroxide ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Linear Coefficient ◽  
Epoxy Oligomers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coke Layer

Intumescent fire-retardant coatings based on epoxy resins, compared to traditional fire-retardant compositions, have improved performance properties – high strength, chemical and atmospheric resistance, adhesion to many materials. However, unmodified epoxy polymers are combustible and to obtain IFR based on them, flame retardants and mineral fillers are added to their composition. Intumescent systems for flame retardant coatings based on epoxy oligomers (non-halogen-containing) usually consist of ammonium or ammophos polyphosphate as an acidic agent and a wide range of fillers, both inert and gaseous, or which are an additional source of carbon. Each component of the fire-retardant intimate coating in different ways affects the processes of coke formation, which determines the requirements for their choice. Thus, the aim of this work is to conduct experimental studies of the dependence of the characteristics of the expanded coke layer on the composition of the intumescent epoxyamine composition. The results of experimental studies of the effect of ammonium polyphosphate and binary mixtures of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with aluminum hydroxide (AH), sodium tetraborate decahydrate (STD), titanium oxide TiO2 (TO), pentaerythritol (P), aerosil (A) and expandable graphite are presented (EG) on the multiplicity of expanding and weight loss of epoxy compositions at study temperatures of 350, 400 and 450°C. Studies have shown that the production of intumescent flame retardant coatings based on epoxy oligomers is possible provided they are filled with ammonium polyphosphate in an amount of more than 20 mass parts. The most effective in terms of expanding are additives titanium oxide and aluminum hydroxide in an amount of 20 mass parts, which allows to obtain intumescent fire-retardant coatings with a linear coefficient of expanding 30-32 and 24-27, respectively, throughout the range of temperatures. The obtained data are useful in the development of fire-retardant coatings based on epoxy oligomers.

Fire Degradation of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Using the Cone Calorimeter

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bourbigot ◽  
M. Le Bras ◽  
R. Delobel
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Stability Zone ◽  
Intumescent Coating ◽  
Weight Loss Data ◽  
Loss Data

This work studies the fire degradation of an intumescent for mulation Polypropylene (PP)-Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)/Pentaerythri tol (PER) using the cone calorimeter. An intumescence model is described which introduces the notion of degradation front. From the weight loss data recorded by the cone calorimeter and the results of the invariant kinetic pa rameters method (given in appendix) applied to the PP and to the PP-APP/PER system, the respective temperatures of the degradation fronts are measured. A stability zone is shown where the protection is effective. The intumescent coating degrades then by forming a carbonaceous residue which reduces the heat flux evolved.

Core-shell expandable graphite @ aluminum hydroxide as a flame-retardant for rigid polyurethane foams

2017 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yintao Wang ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Quanxiao Dong ◽  
Mingchen Xie ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Aluminum Hydroxide ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams
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