scholarly journals Thermal Cloak: Theory, Experiment and Application

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7835
Author(s):  
Xiuli Yue ◽  
Junyi Nangong ◽  
Peiyan Chen ◽  
Tiancheng Han
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Transformation Optics ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Invisibility Cloaks ◽  
Theory And Experiment ◽  
Made In

In the past two decades, owing to the development of metamaterials and the theoretical tools of transformation optics and the scattering cancellation method, a plethora of unprecedented functional devices, especially invisibility cloaks, have been experimentally demonstrated in various fields, e.g., electromagnetics, acoustics, and thermodynamics. Since the first thermal cloak was theoretically reported in 2008 and experimentally demonstrated in 2012, great progress has been made in both theory and experiment. In this review, we report the recent advances in thermal cloaks, including the theoretical designs, experimental realizations, and potential applications. The three areas are classified according to the different mechanisms of heat transfer, namely, thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation. We also provide an outlook toward the challenges and future directions in this fascinating area.

scholarly journals Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in chalcogenide glass fibers: a brief review

PhotoniX ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Wang ◽  
Shixun Dai
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Optical Nonlinearity ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Silica Glasses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Soft Glasses ◽  
Made In

AbstractChalcogenide (ChG) glasses have the characteristics of a wide transparency window (over 20 μm) and high optical nonlinearity (up to 103 times greater than that of silica glasses), exhibiting great advantages over silica and other soft glasses in optical property at mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range. These make them excellent candidates for MIR supercontinuum (SC) generation. Over the past decades, great progress has been made in MIR SC generation based on ChG fibers in terms of spectral extension and output power improvement. In this paper, we introduce briefly the properties of ChG glasses and fibers including transmission, nonlinearity, and dispersion, etc. Recent progress in MIR SC generation based on ChG fibers is reviewed from the perspective of pump schemes. We also present novel ChG fibers such as As-free, Te-based, and chalcohalide fibers, which have been explored and employed as nonlinear fibers to achieve broadband SC generation. Moreover, the potential applications of MIR SC sources based on ChG fibers are discussed.

An Integrative Approach to the Assessment and Treatment of Inflammatory Conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Liponis ◽  
Bettina Martin
Keyword(s):  
Integrative Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Made In

The past two decades have seen great progress in recognizing the importance of inflammation in medicine. Increased focus on inflammation in both prevention and treatment has improved outcomes and quality of life in chronic diseases. Science has improved our understanding of inflammation’s many causes and effects on health, and many advances have been made in the availability of targeted therapeutic options for treating inflammation. This chapter gives an overview of recognizing the many causes of inflammation, its many targeted treatments strategies, and the questions that still surround it. It discusses several integrative approaches to reducing inflammation, including exercise, diet, and different strategies for managing sleep, mood, and stress, such as meditation and massage.

scholarly journals Cannabinoid Receptors: An Update on Cell Signaling, Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7693
Author(s):  
Dhanush Haspula ◽  
Michelle A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Made In

The identification of the human cannabinoid receptors and their roles in health and disease, has been one of the most significant biochemical and pharmacological advancements to have occurred in the past few decades. In spite of the major strides made in furthering endocannabinoid research, therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system has often been a challenging task. An impaired endocannabinoid tone often manifests as changes in expression and/or functions of type 1 and/or type 2 cannabinoid receptors. It becomes important to understand how alterations in cannabinoid receptor cellular signaling can lead to disruptions in major physiological and biological functions, as they are often associated with the pathogenesis of several neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This review focusses mostly on the pathophysiological roles of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors, and it attempts to integrate both cellular and physiological functions of the cannabinoid receptors. Apart from an updated review of pre-clinical and clinical studies, the adequacy/inadequacy of cannabinoid-based therapeutics in various pathological conditions is also highlighted. Finally, alternative strategies to modulate endocannabinoid tone, and future directions are also emphasized.

scholarly journals Rhodosporidium toruloides - A potential red yeast chassis for lipids and beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Wen ◽  
Sufang Zhang ◽  
Chuks Kenneth Odoh ◽  
Mingjie Jin ◽  
Zongbao K Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Production ◽  
Rhodosporidium Toruloides ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Scale Modeling ◽  
Red Yeast ◽  
Genome Scale ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT The red yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides naturally produces microbial lipids and carotenoids. In the past decade or so, many studies demonstrated R. toruloides as a promising platform for lipid production owing to its diverse substrate appetites, robust stress resistance and other favorable features. Also, significant progresses have been made in genome sequencing, multi-omic analysis and genome-scale modeling, thus illuminating the molecular basis behind its physiology, metabolism and response to environmental stresses. At the same time, genetic parts and tools are continuously being developed to manipulate this distinctive organism. Engineered R. toruloides strains are emerging for enhanced production of conventional lipids, functional lipids as well as other interesting metabolites. This review updates those progresses and highlights future directions for advanced biotechnological applications.

scholarly journals A Morphological and Histological Investigation of Imperfect Lungfish Fin Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien Bothe ◽  
Igor Schneider ◽  
Nadia B. Fröbisch
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Fin Regeneration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Made In

Regeneration, the replacement of body parts in a living animal, has excited scientists for centuries and our knowledge of vertebrate appendage regeneration has increased significantly over the past decades. While the ability of amniotes to regenerate body parts is very limited, members of other vertebrate clades have been shown to have rather high regenerative capacities. Among tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates), only salamanders show unparalleled capacities of epimorphic tissue regeneration including replacement of organ and body parts in an apparently perfect fashion. The closest living relatives of Tetrapoda, the lungfish, show regenerative abilities that are comparable to those of salamanders and recent studies suggest that these high regenerative capacities may indeed be ancestral for bony fish (osteichthyans) including tetrapods. While great progress has been made in recent years in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms deployed during appendage regeneration, comparatively few studies have investigated gross morphological and histological features of regenerated fins and limbs. Likewise, rather little is known about how fin regeneration compares morphologically to salamander limb regeneration. In this study, we investigated the morphology and histology of regenerated fins in all three modern lungfish families. Data from histological serial sections, 3D reconstructions, and x-ray microtomography scans were analyzed to assess morphological features, quality and pathologies in lungfish fin regenerates. We found several anomalies resulting from imperfect regeneration in regenerated fins in all investigated lungfish species, including fusion of skeletal elements, additional or fewer elements, and distal branching. The similarity of patterns in regeneration abnormalities compared to salamander limb regeneration lends further support to the hypothesis that high regenerative capacities are plesiomorphic for sarcopterygians.

scholarly journals Recent advances in the tandem annulation of 1,3-enynes to functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 2462-2476
Author(s):  
Yi Liu ◽  
Puying Luo ◽  
Yang Fu ◽  
Tianxin Hao ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Motifs ◽  
Pyrrole Derivatives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Functionalized Pyridine ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Made In

Great progress has been made in the tandem annulation of enynes in the past few years. This review only presents the corresponding reactions of 1,3-enyne structural motifs to provide the functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives. The functionalization reactions cover iodination, bromination, trifluoromethylation, azidation, carbonylation, arylation, alkylation, selenylation, sulfenylation, amidation, esterification, and hydroxylation. We also briefly introduce the applications of the products and the reaction mechanisms for the synthesis of corresponding N-heterocycles.

scholarly journals Khan Academy Videos in Chinese: A Case Study in OER Revision

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Rao ◽  
John Hilton III ◽  
Sarah Harper
Keyword(s):  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Open Courses ◽  
Khan Academy ◽  
Made In

<p class="3">Over the past decade, great progress has been made in improving the quality and availability of Open Educational Resources (OER). OER proponents often discuss the ability for users to revise and remix OER to make them more suitable for local contexts; however, much OER goes unmodified. This note from the field examines the efforts of NetEase Online Open Courses, a Chinese organization, to take more than two thousand Khan Academy videos and translate them into Chinese. We provide background on this initiative and also analyze site metrics to determine what type of use these derivative OER have received.</p>

Presidential Address

1913 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Archdeacon W. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Address ◽  
Young Men ◽  
British History ◽  
English History ◽  
Richard Iii ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Made In

During the past year the Society has sustained one loss that overshadows all others. It is not for me to attempt to appreciate the value of the substantial contributions to the published sources of English history to which Mr. James Gairdner devoted himself so assiduously; I can only attempt to express the feeling which many of us here must share on the loss of our friend. I well remember the intense interest with which I read his ‘Life of Richard III.’ when it was first published in 1878, and the pleasure which I felt many years after in coming into contact with a man whom I admired so much. His constant kindliness and readiness to interest himself in and encourage the work of young men are not things to be readily forgotten. The chronicling of the blanks left in the roll of our officials and members is the saddest part of a President's duty. In my first address I expressed our sense of loss sustained through the death of Dr. Charles Gross; at this distance of time we can see more clearly than was possible four years ago how fruitful his work was. This year great progress has been made in the attempt to carry on the Bibliography of British History which he began, and during the last few weeks I have been impressed anew with the freshness and thoroughness of his studies, as I have been trying to look into and amplify the argument of his essay on Scottish Municipal History.

scholarly journals Decellularised scaffolds: just a framework? Current knowledge and future directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204173142094290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena García-Gareta ◽  
Yousef Abduldaiem ◽  
Prasad Sawadkar ◽  
Christos Kyriakidis ◽  
Ferdinand Lali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Matrix Composition ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Cancer Modelling ◽  
Made In

The use of decellularised matrices as scaffolds offers the advantage of great similarity with the tissue to be replaced. Moreover, decellularised tissues and organs can be repopulated with the patient’s own cells to produce bespoke therapies. Great progress has been made in research and development of decellularised scaffolds, and more recently, these materials are being used in exciting new areas like hydrogels and bioinks. However, much effort is still needed towards preserving the original extracellular matrix composition, especially its minor components, assessing its functionality and scaling up for large tissues and organs. Emphasis should also be placed on developing new decellularisation methods and establishing minimal criteria for assessing the success of the decellularisation process. The aim of this review is to critically review the existing literature on decellularised scaffolds, especially on the preparation of these matrices, and point out areas for improvement, finishing with alternative uses of decellularised scaffolds other than tissue and organ reconstruction. Such uses include three-dimensional ex vivo platforms for idiopathic diseases and cancer modelling.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Multidimensional Modeling of Forced Convection Boiling Heat Transfer

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Z. Podowski ◽  
Raf M. Podowski
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Forced Convection ◽  
Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Multidimensional Models ◽  
Made In

Due to the importance of boiling heat transfer in general, and boiling crisis in particular, for the analysis of operation and safety of both nuclear reactors and conventional thermal power systems, extensive efforts have been made in the past to develop a variety of methods and tools to evaluate the boiling heat transfer coefficient and to assess the onset of temperature excursion and critical heat flux (CHF) at various operating conditions of boiling channels. The objective of this paper is to present mathematical modeling concepts behind the development of mechanistic multidimensional models of low-quality forced convection boiling, including the mechanisms leading to temperature excursion and the onset of CHF.

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