scholarly journals Polypyrrole Polyethylene Composite for Controllable Linear Actuators in Different Organic Electrolytes

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 540
Author(s):  
Nguyen Quang Khuyen ◽  
Ngoc Tuan Nguyen ◽  
Rudolf Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Sodium Perchlorate ◽  
Artificial Muscle ◽  
Charge Densities ◽  
Polyethylene Composite ◽  
Redox Cycles ◽  
Reversible Redox ◽  
Linear Actuators ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetric Studies

Controllable linear actuation of polypyrrole (PPy) is the envisaged goal where only one ion dominates direction (here anions) in reversible redox cycles. PPy with polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate forms PPy-PEO/DBS films (PPy-PEO), which are applied in propylene carbonate (PC) solvent with electrolytes such as 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EDMICF3SO3), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) and compared in their linear actuation properties with pristine PPy/DBS samples. PPy-PEO showed for all applied electrolytes that only expansion at oxidation appeared in cyclic voltammetric studies, while pristine PPy/DBS had mixed-ion actuation in all electrolytes. The electrolyte TBAPF6-PC revealed for PPy-PEO best results with 18% strain (PPy/DBS had 8.5% strain), 2 times better strain rates, 1.8 times higher electronic conductivity, 1.4 times higher charge densities and 1.5 times higher diffusion coefficients in comparison to PPy/DBS. Long-term measurements up to 1000 cycles at 0.1 Hz revealed strain over 4% for PPy-PEO linear actuators, showing that combination of PPy/DBS with PEO gives excellent material for artificial muscle-like applications envisaged for smart textiles and soft robotics. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed PEO content in PPy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of PPy samples revealed 1.3 times higher ion conductivity of PPy-PEO films in PC solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate morphologies of PPy samples, and EDX spectroscopy was conducted to determine ion contents of oxidized/reduced films.

Multiple Inputs-Single Accumulated Output Mechanism for Soft Linear Actuators

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyeong Ho Cho ◽  
Ho Moon Kim ◽  
Youngeun Kim ◽  
Sang Yul Yang ◽  
Hyouk Ryeol Choi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Muscle ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Robotic Arm ◽  
Soft Actuator ◽  
Wearable Robots ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Linear Actuators ◽  
Soft Actuators ◽  
Muscle Actuators ◽  
Further Development

Soft linear actuators (SLAs) such as shape memory alloy (SMA) wires, pneumatic soft actuators, dielectric elastomer actuator, and twisted and coiled soft actuator (TCA) called artificial muscle actuators in general, have many advantages over the conventional actuators. SLAs can realize innovative robotic technologies like soft robots, wearable robots, and bionic arms in the future, but further development is still needed in real applications because most SLAs do not provide large displacement or force as needed. This paper presents a novel mechanism supplementing SLAs by accumulating the displacement of multiple SLAs. It adopts the principle of differential gears in reverse. Since the input units of the mechanism are extensible, more displacement can be accumulated by increasing the number of the input units as many as needed. The mechanism is basically used to accumulate displacements, but can be used to accumulate forces by changing its operating mode. This paper introduces the design and working principle of the mechanism and validates its operation experimentally. In addition, the mechanism is implemented on a robotic arm and its effectiveness is confirmed.

Electrochemical Performance of Li4Ti5O12/TiO2/Li0.4TiO2/C Composite Prepared by the Electrospinning Method Using as Lithium Battery Anode Material

2016 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 959-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Hua Chen ◽  
Jia Jia Feng ◽  
Wei Quan Shao ◽  
Sha Ou Chen ◽  
Li Zhu He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Impedance Spectra ◽  
Fiber Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance Spectra ◽  
Electrospinning Method ◽  
Better Than

Li4Ti5O12(LTO) and Li4Ti5O12/TiO2/Li0.4TiO2/C (LTO/C) composite were prepared by the electrospinning method using acetic acid, ethanol, butyl titanate, lithium acetate and PVP (K90) as the raw materials. The phase structure and the morphology were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. It was found that the specific capacity was 356mAh/g at 0.5C for the composite, which was higher than the theoretical specific capacity of the pure Li4Ti5O12 due to the inclusion of other phase. Moreover, the C-rate performance for the composite was also better than that of the pure Li4Ti5O12 resulting from the formation of carbon-based fiber structure. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) revealed that the composite exhibited the improved electronic conductivity than that of Li4Ti5O12.

Olivine electrode engineering impact on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1656-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenquan Lu ◽  
Andrew Jansen ◽  
Dennis Dees ◽  
Gary Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Composite Electrode ◽  
Lithium Iron Phosphate ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Discharge Performance ◽  
Energy And Power Density

High energy and power density lithium iron phosphate was studied for hybrid electric vehicle applications. This work addresses the effects of porosity in a composite electrode using a four-point probe resistivity analyzer, galvanostatic cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The four-point probe result indicates that the porosity of composite electrode affects the electronic conductivity significantly. This effect is also observed from the cell's pulse current discharge performance. Compared to the direct current (dc) methods used, the EIS data are more sensitive to electrode porosity, especially for electrodes with low porosity values.

Preparation and Corrosion Protection Effect of Electroactive Polyurethane Containing Amino-Capped Aniline Trimer

2010 ◽  
Vol 123-125 ◽  
pp. 1255-1258
Author(s):  
Chih Wei Peng ◽  
Jui Ming Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Corrosion Potential ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
Protection Effect ◽  
Reversible Redox ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Uv Visible

Electroactive polyurethane (EPU) containing conjugated segments of electroactive amino-capped aniline trimer (ACAT) has been successfully synthesized and characterized through Fourier-Transformation infrared and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. Subsequently, electroactivity (i.e., redox capability) of as-prepared EPU was investigated by electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies. It was noticed that the as-prepared EPU exhibited reversible redox capability was found to reveal better corrosion protection effect on cold-rolled steel (CRS) electrodes than that of non-electroactive polyurethane based on a series of electrochemical measurements such as corrosion potential, polarization resistance, corrosion current and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies in 5 wt-% NaCl electrolyte. This significant enhancement of corrosion protection on CRS electrodes as compared to non-electroactive polyurethane might be probably ascribed to the redox catalytic property of as-prepared EPU coatings inducing the formation of passive layer of metal oxide, as evidenced by the SEM and ESCA studies.

scholarly journals Boosting the Rate and Cycling Performance of β-LixV2O5 Nanorods for Li Ion Battery by Electrode Surface Decoration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panpan Wang ◽  
Yue Du ◽  
Baoyou Zhang ◽  
Yanxin Yao ◽  
Yuchen Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Surface Decoration

The <i>β-</i>phase lithium vanadium oxide bronze (<i>β-</i>Li<i><sub>x</sub></i>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) with high theoretic specific capacity up to 440 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> is considered as promising cathode materials, however, their practical application is hindered by its poor ionic and electronic conductivity, resulting in unsatisfied cyclic stability and rate capability. Herein, we report the surface decoration of <i>β-</i>Li<i><sub>x</sub></i>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> cathode using both reduced oxide graphene and ionic conductor LaPO<sub>4</sub>, which significantly promotes the electronic transfer and Li<sup>+</sup> diffusion rate, respectively. As a result, the rGO/LaPO<sub>4</sub>/Li<i><sub>x</sub></i>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in terms of high reversible specific capacity of 275.7 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> with high capacity retention of 84.1% after 100 cycles at a current density of 60 mA g<sup>-1</sup>, and acceptable specific capacity of 170.3 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> at high current density of 400 mA g<sup>-1</sup>. The cycled electrode is also analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, <i>ex-situ </i>X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, providing further insights into the improvement of electrochemical performance. Our results provide an effective approach to boost the electrochemical properties of lithium vanadates for practical application in lithium ion batteries.

scholarly journals Effect of TiO2 Nano-filler on Electrical Properties of Na+ Ion Conducting PEO/PVDF Based Blended Polymer Electrolyte

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Kumar Ganta ◽  
Venkata Ramana Jeedi ◽  
K. Vijaya Kumar ◽  
Yalla Mallaiah ◽  
E. Laxmi Narsaiah
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Ac Conductivity ◽  
Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Sodium Perchlorate ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Transport Numbers ◽  
Ion Conducting

Abstract Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte (NCPE) films based on a blend of two polymers poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) complexed with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) salt and Nano-filler Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (i.e., (80wt%PEO/20wt%PVDF) + 7.5wt%NaClO4+ xwt%TiO2 where x = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18) were prepared and characterized as potential candidates for battery applications. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been employed between the frequencies 10 Hz and 4 MHz to investigate electrical, dielectric and electric modulus properties of the prepared NCPE films. Effect of TiO2 Nano-filler concentration on the structural, ionic conductivity, and dielectric relaxation has been studied. The AC conductivity of the NCPE films at high frequencies obeys Jonscher’s power law. The values of DC ionic conductivity calculated by fitting the AC conductivity spectra to the best fit of Joncher’s power law are consistent with the values of DC ionic conductivity calculated from the bulk resistance (Rb) of the NCPE films. The ionic conductivity that depends on temperature follows the Arrhenius rule between the temperatures 298 K and 328 K. The maximum ionic conductivity at ambient temperature 8.75x10-5 S/cm was obtained for (80wt%PEO/20wt%PVDF) +7.5wt%NaClO4 +15wt%TiO2 NCPE film and it is attributed to the decrease in crystallinity. Using Wagner’s polarization technique ionic transport numbers of various NCPE films were measured.

Fabrication of Mesoporous Graphene@Ag@TiO2 Composite Nanofibers Via Electrospinning as Anode Materials for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries

NANO ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 2150119
Author(s):  
M. M. Xia ◽  
J. Li ◽  
Y. Y. Zhang ◽  
D. N. Kang ◽  
Y. L. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Anode Material ◽  
Discharge Capacity ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Composite Nanofibers ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Practical Applications

Nanosized TiO2 has been actively developed as a low-cost and environment-friendly anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but its poor electronic conductivity seriously restricts its practical applications. This drawback is addressed in this work by the fabrication of one-dimensional mesoporous graphene@Ag@TiO2 composite nanofibers as anode materials for high-performance LIBs. The materials were prepared via electrospinning combined with annealing treatment, and the effects of graphene addition on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of the resulting mesoporous graphene@Ag@TiO2 nanofibers were investigated in detail. Ag@TiO2 nanofibers with the optimal amount of graphene displayed a maximum initial discharge capacity of [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] and retained a discharge capacity of [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] after 100 cycles. These results reflect the excellent cycling stability of the material. The average specific discharge capacity of the nanofibers ([Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] was two-fold higher than that of samples without graphene, and their discharge capacity returned to [Formula: see text] (approximately [Formula: see text] for other nanofibers) when the current density was recovered to the initial value ([Formula: see text]. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements confirmed that the conductivity of the electrode was [Formula: see text], which is higher than that of bare mesoporous Ag@TiO2 ([Formula: see text]). Thus, one-dimensional mesoporous graphene@Ag@TiO2 nanofibers can be regarded as a promising anode material for LIBs.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Y-Doped SnO2/C Composite Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 1157-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Kui Zhong ◽  
You Wang ◽  
Chang Jiu Liu ◽  
Yan Wei Li ◽  
Yan Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Charge Transfer Resistance ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Cyclic Voltammograms ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance Spectra ◽  
Transfer Resistance

The layered Y-doped SnO2/C anode materials were prepared by a co-precipitation method. The physical properties of the Y-doped SnO2/C were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical measurements. XRD studies showed that the Y-doped SnO2/C has the same layered structure as the undoped SnO2/C. The SEM images exhibited that the particle size of Y-doped SnO2/C is smaller than that of the undoped SnO2/C and the smallest particle size is only about 1µm. The Y-doped SnO2/C samples were investigated on the Lithium extraction/insertion performances by charge/discharge, cyclic voltammograms (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). The results showed that the optimal doping content of Y was that x=0.07 and 2% content of carbon nanotubes samples to achieve high discharge capacity and good cyclic stability. The electrode reaction reversibility and electronic conductivity were enhanced, and the charge transfer resistance was decreased through Y-doping.

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