scholarly journals The Effects of Marine Algal Polyphenols, Phlorotannins, on Skeletal Muscle Growth in C2C12 Muscle Cells via Smad and IGF-1 Signaling Pathways

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Seo-Young Kim ◽  
Ji-Hyeok Lee ◽  
Nalae Kang ◽  
Kil-Nam Kim ◽  
You-Jin Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
C2c12 Myoblast ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Myoblast Proliferation ◽  
C2c12 Muscle Cells ◽  
Marine Algal

Skeletal muscle is an important tissue in energy metabolism and athletic performance. The use of effective synthetic supplements and drugs to promote muscle growth is limited by various side effects. Moreover, their use is prohibited by anti-doping agencies; hence, natural alternatives are needed. Therefore, we evaluated the muscle growth effect of substances that can act like synthetic supplements from edible marine algae. First, we isolated six marine algal polyphenols belonging to the phlorotannin class, namely dieckol (DK), 2,7′′-phloroglucinol-6,6′-bieckol (PHB), phlorofucofuroeckol A (PFFA), 6,6′-bieckol (6,6-BK), pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6′-bieckol (PPB), and phloroglucinol (PG) from an edible brown alga, Ecklonia cava and evaluated their effects on C2C12 myoblasts proliferation and differentiation. Of the six phlorotannin isolates evaluated, DK and PHB induced the highest degree of C2C12 myoblast proliferation. In addition, DK and PHB regulates myogenesis by down-regulating the Smad signaling, a negative regulator, and up-regulating the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, a positive regulator. Interestingly, DK and PHB bind strongly to myostatin, which is an inhibitor of myoblast proliferation, while also binding to IGF-1 receptors. Moreover, they bind to IGF-1 receptor. These results suggest that DK and PHB are potential natural muscle building supplements and could be a safer alternative to synthetic drugs.

scholarly journals Characterization of two myostatin genes in pufferfish Takifugu bimaculatus: sequence, genomic structure, and expression

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9655
Author(s):  
Yinzhen Sheng ◽  
Yulong Sun ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Haifu Wan ◽  
Chengjie Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Formation Stage ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
The Brain

Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of muscle growth, which restrains the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. To understand the role of two mstn genes of Takifugu bimaculatus, the full-length cDNAs of 1131 bp Tbmstn1 and 1,080 bp Tbmstn2 were obtained from the T. bimaculatus’ genomic database, which encodes 376 and 359 amino acids, respectively. The results of qRT-PCR showed that Tbmstn1 was expressed in the eye, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle, gill, and brain, and the expression level in the skeletal muscle was extremely significantly higher than in other examined tissues. Tbmstn2 was expressed in the skin, skeletal muscle, gill, and brain, and had the highest expression in the skeletal muscle, followed by expression in the brain. Meanwhile, in different stages of embryonic development, the expression of Tbmstn1 started from the gastrula stage. Its expression in the eye-pigment formation stage and hatching stage was significantly higher than that in other stages. The Tbmstn2 was expressed in all examined embryonic stages with different levels, and the highest expression was detected in the eye-pigment formation stage. These results suggested that Tbmstn1 and Tbmstn2 may involve in the development of skeletal muscle, and Tbmstn2 may be related to the formation of nervous system.

scholarly journals MicroRNA-27b-3p Targets the Myostatin Gene to Regulate Myoblast Proliferation and Is Involved in Myoblast Differentiation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Genxi Zhang ◽  
Mingliang He ◽  
Pengfei Wu ◽  
Xinchao Zhang ◽  
Kaizhi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Myostatin Gene ◽  
Primary Myoblasts ◽  
Chicken Muscle ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Myoblast Proliferation

microRNAs play an important role in the growth and development of chicken embryos, including the regulation of skeletal muscle genesis, myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Our previous RNA-seq studies showed that microRNA-27b-3p (miR-27b-3p) might play an important role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of chicken primary myoblasts (CPMs). However, the mechanism of miR-27b-3p regulating the proliferation and differentiation of CPMs is still unclear. In this study, the results showed that miR-27b-3p significantly promoted the proliferation of CPMs and inhibited the differentiation of CPMs. Then, myostatin (MSTN) was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-27b-3p by double luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. By overexpressing and interfering with MSTN expression in CPMs, the results showed that overexpression of MSTN significantly inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of CPMs. In contrast, interference of MSTN expression had the opposite effect. This study showed that miR-27b-3p could promote the proliferation of CPMs by targeting MSTN. Interestingly, both miR-27b-3p and MSTN can inhibit the differentiation of CPMs. These results provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the function of miR-27b-3p in chicken and revealing its regulation mechanism on chicken muscle growth.

Anemic Hypoxemia Reduces Myoblast Proliferation and Muscle Growth in Late Gestation Fetal Sheep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Rozance ◽  
Stephanie R Wesolowski ◽  
Sonnet S. Jonker ◽  
Laura D Brown
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Growth ◽  
Myoblast Proliferation

Fetal skeletal muscle growth requires myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion into myofibers in addition to protein accretion for fiber hypertrophy. Oxygen is an important regulator of this process. Therefore, we hypothesized that fetal anemic hypoxemia would inhibit skeletal muscle growth. Studies were performed in late gestation fetal sheep that were bled to anemic, and therefore hypoxemic, conditions beginning at ~125 days of gestation (term = 148 days) for 9 ± 0 days (n=19) and compared to control fetuses (n=16). A metabolic study was performed on gestational day ~134 to measure fetal protein kinetic rates. Myoblast proliferation and myofiber area were determined in biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles. mRNA expression of muscle regulatory factors was determined in BF. Fetal arterial hematocrit and oxygen content were 28% and 52% lower, respectively, in anemic fetuses. Fetal weight and whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown, and accretion rates were not different between groups. Hindlimb length, however, was 7% shorter in anemic fetuses. TA and FDS muscles weighed less and FDS myofiber area was smaller in anemic fetuses compared to controls. The percentage of Pax7+ myoblasts that expressed Ki67 was lower in BF and tended to be lower in FDS from anemic fetuses indicating reduced myoblast proliferation. There was less MYOD and MYF6 mRNA expression in anemic vs. control BF consistent with reduced myoblast differentiation. These results indicate that fetal anemic hypoxemia reduced muscle growth. We speculate that fetal muscle growth may be improved by strategies that increase oxygen availability.

Myostatin inhibits proliferation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse liver cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Watts ◽  
Mostafa Ghozlan ◽  
Curtis C. Hughey ◽  
Virginia L. Johnsen ◽  
Jane Shearer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Liver Cell ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Kinase Substrate ◽  
Akt Phosphorylation

Although myostatin functions primarily as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and development, accumulating biological and epidemiological evidence indicates an important contributing role in liver disease. In this study, we demonstrate that myostatin suppresses the proliferation of mouse Hepa-1c1c7 murine-derived liver cells (50%; p < 0.001) in part by reducing the expression of the cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases that elicit G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle (p < 0.001). Furthermore, real-time PCR-based quantification of the long noncoding RNA metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1), recently identified as a myostatin-responsive transcript in skeletal muscle, revealed a significant downregulation (25% and 50%, respectively; p < 0.05) in the livers of myostatin-treated mice and liver cells. The importance of Malat1 in liver cell proliferation was confirmed via arrested liver cell proliferation (p < 0.05) in response to partial Malat1 siRNA-mediated knockdown. Myostatin also significantly blunted insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and Akt phosphorylation in liver cells while increasing the phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), a protein that is essential for cancer cell proliferation and insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Together, these findings reveal a plausible mechanism by which circulating myostatin contributes to the diminished regenerative capacity of the liver and diseases characterized by liver insulin resistance.

miR-22 regulates C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation by targeting TGFBR1

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Wang ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
BinBin Wang ◽  
WangJun Wu ◽  
Julong Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
C2c12 Myoblast ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Myoblast Proliferation

scholarly journals MiR-34b-5p Mediates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Myoblasts by Targeting IGFBP2

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Li ◽  
Abdalla ◽  
Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay

As key post-transcriptional regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) play an indispensable role in skeletal muscle development. Our previous study suggested that miR-34b-5p and IGFBP2 could have a potential role in skeletal muscle growth. Our goal in this study is to explore the function and regulatory mechanism of miR-34b-5p and IGFBP2 in myogenesis. In this study, the dual-luciferase reporter assay and Western blot analysis showed that IGFBP2 is a direct target of miR-34b-5p. Flow cytometric analysis and EdU assay showed that miR-34b-5p could repress the cell cycle progression of myoblasts, and miR-34b-5p could promote the formation of myotubes by promoting the expression of MyHC. On the contrary, the overexpression of IGFBP2 significantly facilitated the proliferation of myoblasts and hampered the formation of myotubes. Together, our results indicate that miR-34b-5p could mediate the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts by targeting IGFBP2.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle development in vertebrate animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Md Shahjahan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Axial Musculature ◽  
Postnatal Stage

This review covers the pre- and post-natal development of skeletal muscle of vertebrate animals with cellular and molecular levels. The formation of skeletal muscle initiates from paraxial mesoderm during embryogenesis of individuals which develops somites and subsequently forms dermomyotome derived myotome to give rise axial musculature. This process (myogenesis) includes stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification, and terminal differentiation to form myofibrils consequent muscle fibers which control muscle mass and its multiplication. The main factors of muscle growth are proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells in prenatal stage and also the growth of satellite cells at postnatal stage. There is no net increase in the number of muscle fibers in vertebrate animals after hatch or birth except fish. The development of muscle is characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy in prenatal and postnatal stages of individuals, respectively, through Wnt signalling pathway including environment, nutrition, sex, feed, growth and myogenic regulatory factors. Therefore further studies could elucidate new growth related genes, markers and factors to enhance meat production and enrich knowledge on muscle growth.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 139-148

scholarly journals miR-194-5p negatively regulates the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit skeletal muscle satellite cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Shi ◽  
Xudong Mao ◽  
Mingcheng Cai ◽  
Shenqiang Hu ◽  
Xiulan Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Muscle Satellite Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

Abstract Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs), also known as a multipotential stem cell population, play a crucial role during muscle growth and regeneration. In recent years, numerous miRNAs have been associated with the proliferation and differentiation of SMSCs in a number of mammalian species; however, the regulatory mechanisms of miR-194-5p in rabbit SMSCs still remain scarce. In this study, miR-194-5p was first observed to be highly expressed in the rabbit leg muscle. Furthermore, both the mimics and inhibitor of miR-194-5p were used to explore its role in the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit SMSCs cultured in vitro. Results from both EdU and CCK8 assays showed that miR-194-5p inhibited the proliferation of SMSCs. Meanwhile, Mef2c was identified as a target gene of miR-194-5p based on the dual-luciferase reporter assay results. In addition, upregulation of miR-194-5p decreased the expression levels of Mef2c and MyoG during rabbit SMSCs differentiation on Days 3 and 7 of in vitro culture. Taken together, these data demonstrated that miR-194-5p negatively regulates the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit SMSCs by targeting Mef2c.

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