Saliva: What Dental Practitioners Should Know about the Role of This Biofluid in the Transmission and Diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2

A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become a global ongoing pandemic. This pandemic represents a great work risk for all health professionals, it includes dental professionals who are in constant contact with saliva, which represents one of the main routes of transmission of the disease. This is due to the fact that a wide variety of oral tissues and cells are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and that they express the ACE2 receptor, which is the main route of entry of the virus into cells, as well as the proteins TMPRSS and furin that contributes to the binding of the virus to the host cells. According to recent studies, some of the oral cells most susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 are the epithelial cells of the salivary glands. This explains the presence of the virus in the saliva of infected patients and provides scientific evidence that supports the use of saliva as a biofluid that offers the opportunity to develop new detection and diagnostic techniques. This is because saliva is much easier to collect compared to nasopharyngeal swab. However, the presence of the virus in saliva, also represents a great source of transmission, since the main form of infection is through microscopic drops that are generated when infected people cough or sneeze. Likewise, health professionals, such as dentists are exposed to contagion through saliva. The objective of this review article is to provide a perspective on the main cells and tissues that can be affected by the virus, the risk of contagion that the presence of the virus in saliva represents for dentists; and the new techniques developed from saliva samples for the diagnosis and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review is expected to contribute to the knowledge of oral health professionals about the risk of saliva in the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also its advantages as a diagnostic tool for pandemic control. In conclusion, the authors can mention that information that provides more scientific evidence of the mechanisms of infection of the coronavirus in oral cells and tissues is being published continually. This also explains the presence of the virus in the saliva of infected people and the risk of contagion that this means. It also provides scientific evidence of the use of saliva as a biofluid for the detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and control of the spread of the virus.

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Stigma, Discrimination, and Ostracization: HIV/AIDS Infection in Nigeria

International Quarterly of Community Health Education ◽

10.2190/ll7f-03vg-3qat-r6p9 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 125-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Adesola O. Oyelese

Keyword(s):

Health Professionals ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Infected People ◽

Aids Epidemic ◽

Major Constraint ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

And Control ◽

Hiv Aids

The AIDS epidemic continues and HIV-infected persons continue to suffer stigmatization and discrimination in Nigeria. The results of an open-ended questionnaire administered non-randomly in Ile-Ife and Ilesa in the late 1990s confirm this. Six questions on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were asked; 83 (36.4%) males and 145 (63.6%) females aged between 11 and 60 years responded. The respondents included 101 students, 49 civil servants, 39 artisans and traders. Others included 29 health professionals (doctors and nurses, etc.), 8 teachers, and 2 commercial sex workers. The median of negative responses (rejection) is 42.2%. It is concluded that there still exists a significant but suppressed or subtle stigmatization and discrimination against HIV-infected people, a major constraint in the management and control of HIV/AIDS.

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Analysis of Fluoride Concentration in Toothpastes in the United Arab Emirates: Closing the Gap between Local Regulation and Practice

Cosmetics ◽

10.3390/cosmetics8040113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun ◽

Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari ◽

Moyad Shahwan ◽

Obaida Jairoun ◽

Sa’ed H. Zyoud

Keyword(s):

United Arab Emirates ◽

Sodium Fluoride ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Fluoride Concentration ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Adverse Event Reporting ◽

Fluoride Content ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Increased Risk ◽

And Control

Background: While there is much scientific evidence supporting the benefits of fluoride for oral health, the concentration of fluoride in over-the-counter fluoride toothpaste should meet United Arab Emirates (UAE) regulations of a fluoride concentration not exceeding 0.15%. Objectives: The current study examines the fluoridated toothpaste products available on the UAE market and aims to quantify their total fluoride content. Methods: A total of 50 toothpaste products were collected and analyzed in this study. Ion Chromatography (IC) conductivity analysis was performed to determine the total fluoride content. Results: Among the 50 products tested, 10 exceeded the recommended concentration of total fluoride of less than 0.15%, while 12 had a total fluoride concentration that was less than was declared on their labels. Moreover, this study has revealed that 22 of the sampled products had a total fluoride concentration below 1000 ppm fluoride. An increased risk of higher total fluoride content was observed in the toothpaste products with monofluorophosphate active ingredients than in products with potassium nitrate/sodium fluoride and sodium fluoride (p = 0.011). Conclusions: There is a need to reassess the effectiveness of current regulations in the UAE to ensure that all fluoridated toothpastes available on the market are safe and effective for the consumer. Specifically, appropriate guidelines should be established on the basis of the risks and benefits inherent in fluoride exposure. Moreover, fluoridated toothpastes need to be subject to stricter monitoring and control regarding their safety and quality through good manufacturing practices (GMPs), education, research, and adverse event reporting.

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Diagnostic techniques for the monitoring and control of practical flames

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science ◽

10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.005 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 375-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 177

Author(s):

Javier Ballester ◽

Tatiana García-Armingol

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

And Control

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Prevention and control measures for neonatal COVID-19 infection: a scoping review

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0467 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (suppl 2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bruna Hinnah Borges Martins de Freitas ◽

Mayrene Dias de Sousa Moreira Alves ◽

Maria Aparecida Munhoz Gaíva

Keyword(s):

Health Professionals ◽

Neonatal Infection ◽

Control Measures ◽

Protective Equipment ◽

Infected People ◽

Final Sample ◽

Before And After ◽

Physical Barriers ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify with the literature the measures to prevent and control neonatal infection by COVID-19. Methods: a scope review carried out by searching for studies in databases and institutional health websites. The final sample was 25 articles. Results: among the main measures are the use of masks by suspected or infected people in contact with healthy newborns, hand hygiene before and after each care and feeding as well as the tools used for milking. It is indispensable to use personal protective equipment by health professionals in neonatology services to maintain a private room for infected newborns or to use physical barriers. Early diagnosis and timely case management is essential to reduce virus transmissibility. Conclusions: the research contributed to elucidate health and nursing actions in preventing and controlling neonatal infection by COVID-19.

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Characteristics and evaluation of the effectiveness of monitoring and control measures for the first 69 Patients with COVID-19 from 18 January 2020 to 2 March in Wuxi, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-25895/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ping Shi ◽

Yumeng Gao ◽

Yuan Shen ◽

Enping Chen ◽

Hai Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Close Contact ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Control Measures ◽

Basic Reproductive Number ◽

Reproductive Number ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Infected People ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) outbreak and has caused has caused 82,830 confirmed cases and 4,633 deaths in China by 26 April 2020. We analyzed data on 69 infections in Wuxi to describe the epidemiologic characteristics and evaluate the control measures.Methods: The demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of COVID-19 cases in Wuxi were collected.Results: Among the 69 positive infections with COVID-19, mild and normal types accounted for 75.36% (52/69), adolescents and children are mainly mild and asymptomatic. The basic reproductive number was estimated to be 1.12 (95% CI, 0.71 to 1.69). The mean incubation period was estimated to be 4.77 days (95% CI, 3.61 to 5.94), with a mean serial interval of 6.31 days (95%CI, 5.12 to 7.50). We also found that age (RR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.11-2.21) and fever (RR=4.09, 95%CI: 1.10-15.19) were risk factors for COVID-19 disease severity.Conclusions: The incidence of COVID-19 in Wuxi has turned into a lower level, suggesting that the early prevention and control measures have achieved effectiveness. The community transmission can be effectively prevented through isolation and virus detection of all the people who were exposed together and close contact with the infected people. Aging and fever are risk factors for clinical outcome, which might be useful for preventing severe transition.

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Nipah virus infection: A review

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268819000086 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Aditi ◽

M. Shariff

Keyword(s):

Nipah Virus ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Control Measures ◽

Molecular Diagnostic ◽

Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Infected People ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

The Common ◽

Different Strains ◽

And Control

AbstractNipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne pathogen. It was first identified 20 years ago in Malaysia and has since caused outbreaks in other parts of South and Southeast Asia. It causes severe neurological and respiratory disease which is highly lethal. It is highly infectious and spreads in the community through infected animals or other infected people. Different strains of the virus show differing clinical and epidemiological features. Rapid diagnosis and implementation of infection control measures are essential to contain outbreaks. A number of serological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for diagnosis and surveillance. Difficulties in diagnosis and management arise when a new area is affected. The high mortality associated with infection and the possibility of spread to new areas has underscored the need for effective management and control. However, no effective treatment or prophylaxis is readily available, though several approaches show promise. Given the common chains of transmission from bats to humans, a One Health approach is necessary for the prevention and control of NiV infection.

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Asia Oceania Guidelines for the Implementation of Programs for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control

Journal of Cancer Epidemiology ◽

10.1155/2011/794861 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hextan Y. S. Ngan ◽

Suzanne M. Garland ◽

Neerja Bhatla ◽

Sonia R. Pagliusi ◽

Karen K. L. Chan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Prevention ◽

Health Professionals ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Cancer Control ◽

Prevention Programs ◽

Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽

High Resource ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

And Control

This paper aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for health professionals, to develop a comprehensive cervical cancer program for a clinic, a community, or a country. Ensuring access to healthcare is the responsibility of all societies, and the Asia Oceania Research Organisation in Genital Infections and Neoplasia (AOGIN) is committed to working collaboratively with governments and health professionals to facilitate prevention programs, to protect girls and women from cervical cancer, a disease that globally affects 500,000 and kills nearly 300,000 women annually, just over half of whom are in the Asia Oceania region. We share the vision that a comprehensive program of vaccination, screening, and treatment should be made accessible to all girls and women in the world. The primary purpose of these guidelines is to provide information on scientific evidence on the different modalities and approaches of cervical cancer prevention programs, for high resource and low resource settings. The secondary purpose is to provide an overview of the current situation of cervical cancer control and prevention in various Asian Oceania countries: their views of an ideal program, identified obstacles, and suggestions to overcome them are discussed.

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Computers for data, control and simulation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100106661 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 920-921

Author(s):

David C. Joy

Keyword(s):

Personal Computers ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Data Logging ◽

Data Logger ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Data Control ◽

The Many ◽

And Control

Personal computers (PCs) are a powerful resource in the EM Laboratory, both as a means of automating the monitoring and control of microscopes, and as a tool for quantifying the interpretation of data. Not only is a PC more versatile than a piece of dedicated data logging equipment, but it is also substantially cheaper. In this tutorial the practical principles of using a PC for these types of activities will be discussed.The PC can form the basis of a system to measure, display, record and store the many parameters which characterize the operational conditions of the EM. In this mode it is operating as a data logger. The necessary first step is to find a suitable source from which to measure each of the items of interest. It is usually possible to do this without having to make permanent corrections or modifications to the EM.

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