Desalination of Municipal Wastewater Using Forward Osmosis

Membrane technology has gained much ground in water and wastewater treatment over the past couple of decades. This is timely, as the world explores smart, eco-friendly, and cheap water and wastewater treatment technologies in its quest to make potable water and sanitation commonplace in all parts of the world. Against this background, this study investigated forward osmosis (FO) in the removal of salts (chlorides, sulphates, and carbonates) and organics (chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and color) from a synthetic municipal wastewater (MWW), mimicking secondary-treated industrial wastewater, at very low feed and draw solution flow rates (0.16 and 0.14 L/min respectively), using 70 g/L NaCl solution as the draw solution. The results obtained showed an average of 97.67% rejection of SO42− and CO32− while Cl− was found to enrich the feed solution (FS). An average removal of 88.92% was achieved for the organics. A permeation flux of 5.06 L/m2.h was obtained. The kinetics of the ions transport was studied, and was found to fit the second-order kinetic model, with Pearson’s R-values of 0.998 and 0.974 for Cl− and CO32− respectively. The study proves FO as a potential technology to desalinate saline MWW.

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Online Total Organic Carbon (TOC) monitoring for water and wastewater treatment plants processes and operations optimization

10.5194/dwes-2017-11 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Céline Assmann ◽

Amanda Scott ◽

Dondra Biller

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Process Control ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Treatment Quality ◽

Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽

Water And Wastewater

Abstract. Organic measurements, such as biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were developed decades ago in order to measure organics in water. Today, these time-consuming measurements are still used as parameters to check the water treatment quality; however, the time required to generate a result, ranging from hours to days, does not allow COD or BOD to be useful process control parameters. Online Organic Carbon Monitoring allows for effective process control because results are generated every few minutes. Though it does not replace BOD or COD measurements still required for compliance reporting, it drives smart, data-driven and rapid decision-making to improve process control and optimization or meet compliances. Thanks to the smart interpretation of generated data and the capability to now take real-time actions, municipal drinking water and wastewater treatment facility operators can positively impact their OPEX efficiencies and their capabilities to meet regulatory requirements. This paper describes how three municipal wastewater and drinking water plants gained process insights, and determined optimization opportunities thanks to the implementation of online TOC monitoring.

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Online total organic carbon (TOC) monitoring for water and wastewater treatment plants processes and operations optimization

Drinking Water Engineering and Science ◽

10.5194/dwes-10-61-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 61-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Céline Assmann ◽

Amanda Scott ◽

Dondra Biller

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Process Control ◽

Total Organic Carbon ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Treatment Quality ◽

Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽

Water And Wastewater

Abstract. Organic measurements, such as biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were developed decades ago in order to measure organics in water. Today, these time-consuming measurements are still used as parameters to check the water treatment quality; however, the time required to generate a result, ranging from hours to days, does not allow COD or BOD to be useful process control parameters – see (1) Standard Method 5210 B; 5-day BOD Test, 1997, and (2) ASTM D1252; COD Test, 2012. Online organic carbon monitoring allows for effective process control because results are generated every few minutes. Though it does not replace BOD or COD measurements still required for compliance reporting, it allows for smart, data-driven and rapid decision-making to improve process control and optimization or meet compliances. Thanks to the smart interpretation of generated data and the capability to now take real-time actions, municipal drinking water and wastewater treatment facility operators can positively impact their OPEX (operational expenditure) efficiencies and their capabilities to meet regulatory requirements. This paper describes how three municipal wastewater and drinking water plants gained process insights, and determined optimization opportunities thanks to the implementation of online total organic carbon (TOC) monitoring.

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ASPECTS REGARDING THE ELECTROCOAGULATION APPLICATIONS IN THE WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Journal of Engineering Studies and Research ◽

10.29081/jesr.v21i2.27 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

Author(s):

AIDA DERMOUCHI ◽

BENCHEIKH-LEHOCINE MOSSAAB ◽

SIHEM ARRIS ◽

VALENTIN NEDEFF ◽

NARCIS BARSAN

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Initial Ph ◽

Water And Wastewater ◽

Dc Current ◽

Density Treatment

Electrocoagulation (EC) has been known for over a century. Applications in industry as water and wastewater treatment processes were adapted for the removal of suspended solids, organic compounds, COD (Chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), metallic and non-metallic pollution. The main advantage in EC technology is the fact that it works without the addition of chemical products. The DC current between metallic electrodes immersed in the effluent is used as an energy source for this technique, which causes their dissolution. The effect of the main parameters, current density, treatment time, initial pH, temperature, electrode materials, conductivity and distance between the electrodes were investigated. According to the conclusion of the works published in recent years, the removal efficiencies of pollutants materials by EC process are very important.

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Forward osmosis-based hybrid processes for water and wastewater treatment

10.1016/b978-0-12-823031-2.00011-2 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 121-144

Author(s):

Wei Jie Lee ◽

Pei Sean Goh ◽

Ahmad Fauzi Ismail

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽

Hybrid Processes ◽

Water And Wastewater

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Chemical and Electro-coagulation Techniques in Coagulation-Floccculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment- A Review

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY ◽

10.24297/jac.v9i3.1006 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 1988-1999

Author(s):

Ukiwe L.N ◽

Ibeneme S.I ◽

Duru C.E ◽

Okolue B.N ◽

Onyedika G.O ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Colloidal Particles ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Biological Oxygen Demand ◽

Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽

Iron Salts ◽

Wide Range ◽

Water And Wastewater ◽

Design Mechanism ◽

Electro Coagulation

Chemical and electrocoagulation are widely used coagulation methods employed in water and wastewater treatment. Both coagulation processes are effective in removing a wide range of impurities which include dissolved organic matter in form of chemical and biological oxygen demand, pathogens, oils, and colloidal particles as well as heavy metals. The present review has revealed that the mode of action of both coagulation methods is based on charge neutralization and floc formation. The effectiveness of both coagulation techniques depend on factors such as pH, coagulation dose, coagulant type, current density, applied voltage, water and wastewater type, type of electrode, as well as size and number of electrodes. The commonly used chemical coagulants are inorganic coagulants based on aluminum and iron salts. However, there have been considerable successes in the development of pre-hydrolyzed inorganic coagulants which have the added advantage over traditional inorganic coagulants in that they function well over a wide range of pH and water temperatures. Electrocoagulation has been proposed as an alternative method to chemical coagulation because it is environmental friendly and cheap to operate. Nonetheless, most researchers are of the opinion that there are still some uncertainties regarding the understanding of its optimal performance and design mechanism.

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Suitability of aluminum material on sugar industry wastewater with chemical and electrochemical treatment processes

International Journal of Industrial Chemistry ◽

10.1007/s40090-019-00196-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 335-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Omprakash Sahu

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽

Sugar Industry ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Color Removal ◽

Aluminum Electrode ◽

Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽

Water And Wastewater ◽

Industry Wastewater

AbstractAluminum is a valuable material, which can be used for water and wastewater treatment. It exists in metal as well as in salt form. The efficiency of water and wastewater treatment depends upon the technology applied to treat. Sugarcane industry is coming under those industries which have a large amount of freshwater and release large amount of effluent. The goal of this research work is to study the behavior of aluminum metal and salt for the treatment of sugar industry wastewater on chemical oxidation and electrochemical oxidation. The effect of pH, dosing, temperature and catalysis on metal and salt has been also studied with both treatment methods. The results show that maximum 90% of chemical oxygen demand and 94% of color removal can be achieved with an aluminum electrode (electrocoagulation) at optimum conditions, pH 7, current density 178 A/m2, electrode distance 20 mm, and salt solution 0.5 M NaCl. In the same way, 81% chemical oxygen demand and 85% color removal were achieved with alum for the 0.5 M lime solution, at 50 mM mass loading, 21 °C operating temperature and optimum pH of 7, respectively. The sludge generated after treatment was also analyzed with settling filtration, thermal, FTIR and SEM.

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On the use of crushed shells of apricot stones as the upper layer in dual media filters

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0899 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 48 (11-12) ◽

pp. 497-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. Aksoğan ◽

A. Baştürk ◽

E. Yüksel ◽

Ö Akgiray

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Silica Sand ◽

Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽

Turbidity Removal ◽

Small Water ◽

Anthracite Coal ◽

The World ◽

Water And Wastewater ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Wastewater Treatment Systems

The use of crushed shells of apricot stones instead of anthracite coal in dual-media filters is investigated. Turbidity removal efficiencies were measured for several filtration rates in dual media filters composed of shells of apricot stones above silica sand and anthracite coal above silica sand. Backwash (fluidization) experiments were carried out using sieved fractions of crushed shells of apricot stones to establish curves of expansion versus backwash velocity at 25°C. Such curves can be used in the design of filters employing this material. It is believed that the use of such a locally available and cheaper alternative filter medium would be of interest in many small water and wastewater treatment systems around the world.

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Exploring Submerged Forward Osmosis for Water Recovery and Pre-Concentration of Wastewater before Anaerobic Digestion: A Pilot Scale Study

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes9080097 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 97 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Federico Ferrari ◽

Maite Pijuan ◽

Ignasi Rodriguez-Roda ◽

Gaetan Blandin

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Anaerobic Treatment ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Draw Solution ◽

Submerged Plate

Applying forward osmosis directly on raw municipal wastewater is of high interest for the simultaneous production of a high quality permeate for water reuse and pre-concentrating wastewater for anaerobic digestion. This pilot scale study investigates, for the first time, the feasibility of concentrating real raw municipal wastewater using a submerged plate and frame forward osmosis module (0.34 m2) to reach 70% water recovery. Membrane performance, fouling behavior, and effective concentration of wastewater compounds were examined. Two different draw solutions (NaCl and MgCl2), operating either with constant draw concentration or in batch with draw dilution over time, were evaluated. Impact of gas sparging on fouling and external concentration polarization was also assessed. Water fluxes up to 15 L m−2 h−1 were obtained with clean water and 35 g NaCl/L as feed and draw solution, respectively. When using real wastewater, submerged forward osmosis proved to be resilient to clogging, demonstrating its suitability for application on municipal or other complex wastewater; operating with 11.7 g NaCl/L constant draw solution, water and reverse salt fluxes up to 5.1 ± 1.0 L m−2 h−1 and 4.8 ± 2.6 g m−2 h−1 were observed, respectively. Positively, total and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration factors of 2.47 ± 0.15 and 1.86 ± 0.08, respectively, were achieved, making wastewater more suitable for anaerobic treatment.

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Integration of Forward Osmosis in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Applications

10.5772/intechopen.95867 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stavroula Kappa ◽

Simos Malamis

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

New Technologies ◽

Energy Content ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽

Reverse Salt Flux

In recent years, the research community has made constant efforts to develop new technologies for the recovery and valorization of water, nutrient and energy content of municipal wastewater. However, the recovery process is significantly limited due to the low-strength of sewage. Over the last 10 years, the Forward Osmosis (FO) process, has gained interest as a low-cost process with low membrane fouling propensity, which can convert municipal wastewater into a concentrated low-volume effluent, characterized by high organic and nutrient concentration. This chapter presents the main configurations that have been implemented for the concentration of municipal wastewater using FO, including their performance in terms of contaminant removal and water/reverse salt flux (Jw/Js). Furthermore, the draw solutions and respective concentrations that have been used in FO for the treatment of sewage are reported, while at the same time the positive and negative characteristics of each application are evaluated. Finally, in the last section of this chapter, the spontaneous FO followed by anaerobic process is integrated in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and compared with a conventional one. The comparison is done, in terms of the mass balance of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and in terms of the energy efficiency.

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