scholarly journals Citrus Psorosis Virus: Current Insights on a Still Poorly Understood Ophiovirus

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1197
Author(s):  
Zineb Belabess ◽  
Tourya Sagouti ◽  
Naima Rhallabi ◽  
Abdessalem Tahiri ◽  
Sébastien Massart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
The Family ◽  
Open Structures ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Citrus Psorosis Virus ◽  
First Time

Citrus psorosis was reported for the first time in Florida in 1896 and was confirmed as a graft-transmissible disease in 1934. Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) is the presumed causal agent of this disease. It is considered as a type species of the genus Ophiovirus, within the family Aspiviridae. CPsV genome is a negative single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) with three segments. It has a coat protein (CP) of 48 kDa and its particles are non-enveloped with naked filamentous nucleocapsids existing as either circular open structures or collapsed pseudo-linear forms. Numerous rapid and sensitive immuno-enzymatic and molecular-based detection methods specific to CPsV are available. CPsV occurrence in key citrus growing regions across the world has been spurred the establishment of the earliest eradication and virus-free budwood programs. Despite these efforts, CPsV remains a common and serious challenge in several countries and causes a range of symptoms depending on the isolate, the cultivar, and the environment. CPsV can be transmitted mechanically to some herbaceous hosts and back to citrus. Although CPsV was confirmed to be seedborne, the seed transmission is not efficient. CPsV natural spread has been increasing based on both CPsV surveys detection and specific CPsV symptoms monitoring. However, trials to ensure its transmission by a soil-inhabiting fungus and one aphid species have been unsuccessful. Psorosis disease control is achieved using CPsV-free buds for new plantations, launching budwood certification and indexing programs, and establishing a quarantine system for the introduction of new varieties. The use of natural resistance to control CPsV is very challenging. Transgenic resistance to at least some CPsV isolates is now possible in at least some sweet orange varieties and constitutes a promising biotechnological alternative to control CPsV. This paper provides an overview of the most remarkable achievements in CPsV research that could improve the understanding of the disease and lead the development of better control strategies.

scholarly journals A Current Overview of Two Viroids Prevailing in Citrus Orchards: Citrus Exocortis Viroid and Hop Stunt Viroid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zineb Belabess ◽  
Nabil Radouane ◽  
Tourya Sagouti ◽  
Abdessalem Tahiri ◽  
Rachid Lahlali
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Citrus Varieties ◽  
Citrus Trees

Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and hop stunt viroid (HSVd) are the main viroids circulating in all citrus-growing areas worldwide, and causing two well-known diseases on citrus trees; exocortis and cachexia, respectively. These viroids are small, covalently closed single-stranded RNA, allocated to the Pospiviroidae family. CEVd is the first viroid being described on citrus trees in 1948 in California. It is considered the largest citrus viroid at 371 nucleotides. It causes bark scaling disorder on the rootstock of citrus trees grafted on trifoliate orange and its hybrids and can cause dwarfing of trees grown on these rootstocks. HSVd was first observed in 1945 in Florida. It consists of 299 nucleotides. Stunting, chlorosis, bark gumming, stem pitting, decline, and depressions in the wood are the main symptoms of HSVd in mandarin and its hybrids. The introduction and propagation of infected budwoods are the main causes of viroids spread in citrus orchards. These agents are mechanically sap-transmissible and spread by contaminated tools. Neither seed transmission nor vectors have been reported for both viroids. Root transmission, though possible, would be overshadowed by mechanical transmission. Rapid and sensitive molecular-based detection methods specific to both viroids are available. Both diseases are controlled by using viroids-free budwoods for new plantations, launching budwood certification programs, and establishing a quarantine system for new citrus varieties introduction. The most important achievements in CEVd and HSVd researches are outlined in this chapter. This would help to provide a clearer understanding of the diseases they cause and contribute to the development of better control strategies.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage Ecology in Commercial Sauerkraut Fermentations

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 3192-3202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Lu ◽  
F. Breidt ◽  
V. Plengvidhya ◽  
H. P. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence ◽  
Phage Ecology ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
The Family ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence Analysis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Host Strains

ABSTRACT Knowledge of bacteriophage ecology in vegetable fermentations is essential for developing phage control strategies for consistent and high quality of fermented vegetable products. The ecology of phages infecting lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in commercial sauerkraut fermentations was investigated. Brine samples were taken from four commercial sauerkraut fermentation tanks over a 60- or 100-day period in 2000 and 2001. A total of 171 phage isolates, including at least 26 distinct phages, were obtained. In addition, 28 distinct host strains were isolated and identified as LAB by restriction analysis of the intergenic transcribed spacer region and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. These host strains included Leuconostoc, Weissella, and Lactobacillus species. It was found that there were two phage-host systems in the fermentations corresponding to the population shift from heterofermentative to homofermentative LAB between 3 and 7 days after the start of the fermentations. The data suggested that phages may play an important role in the microbial ecology and succession of LAB species in vegetable fermentations. Eight phage isolates, which were independently obtained two or more times, were further characterized. They belonged to the family Myoviridae or Siphoviridae and showed distinct host ranges and DNA fingerprints. Two of the phage isolates were found to be capable of infecting two Lactobacillus species. The results from this study demonstrated for the first time the complex phage ecology present in commercial sauerkraut fermentations, providing new insights into the bioprocess of vegetable fermentations.

Buried Narratives: Exhuming the Mother's Story in Oliver Twist

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-266
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Maternal Inheritance ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Law ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Consideration

Initially, Oliver Twist (1839) might seem representative of the archetypal male social plot, following an orphan and finding him a place by discovering the father and settling the boy within his inheritance. But Agnes Fleming haunts this narrative, undoing its neat, linear transmission. This reconsideration of maternal inheritance and plot in the novel occurs against the backdrop of legal and social change. I extend the critical consideration of the novel's relationship to the New Poor Law by thinking about its reflection on the bastardy clauses. And here, of course, is where the mother enters. Under the bastardy clauses, the responsibility for economic maintenance of bastard children was, for the first time, legally assigned to the mother, relieving the father of any and all obligation. Oliver Twist manages to critique the bastardy clauses for their release of the father, while simultaneously embracing the placement of the mother at the head of the family line. Both Oliver and the novel thus suggest that it is the mother's story that matters, her name through which we find our own. And by containing both plots – that of the father and the mother – Oliver Twist reveals the violence implicit in traditional modes of inheritance in the novel and under the law.

Faktor-Faktor Determinan yang melatar belakangi Kehamilan Remaja di Desa Pandansari Kecamatan Poncokusumo Kabupaten Malang

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
Maria Magdalena Setyaningsih ◽  
Emy Sutiyarsih
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Teen Pregnancy ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Kehamilan remaja adalah kehamilan yang terjadi pada remaja berusia kurang dari 20 tahunan. Kehamilan remaja memberikan banyak kerugian bagi kesehatan, mental dan psikologis, kesejahteraan ekonomi dan peluang karier, kemiskinan dan prospek kehidupan masa depan remaja. Tujuan penelitian mengidentifikasi faktor determinan yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya kehamilan remaja. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian analitik kategorik jenis survei kuantitatif dengan desain case control. Populasi semua perempuan yang bertempat tinggal di wilayah dusun Wonosari, Sukosari, dan Krajan Pandansari dan pernah/sedang hamil pertama kali pada usia kurang dari 20 tahun. Teknik pengambilan sampel cluster random sampling besar sampel 73. Berdasarkan hasil model akhir analisis multivariat, diketahui bahwa variabel pendidikan, riwayat kehamilan remaja pada keluarga dan usia menikah merupakan variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian kehamilan remaja setelah dikontrol oleh variabel akses informasi, responden berpendidikan rendah memiliki peluang 20,8 kali lebih tinggi, responden yang memiliki riwayat kehamilan remaja pada keluarga memiliki peluang 14,9 kali lebih tinggi, responden yang menikah pada usia <20 tahun memiliki peluang 12,1 kali lebih tinggi, responden dengan pemahaman yang kurang baik terkait penggunaan kondom memiliki peluang 5,9 kali lebih tinggi untuk terjadi kehamilan remaja. Oleh karena itu perlu dibangun karakter buiding, sosial karakter suport untuk para ibu remaja dan keluarga sehingga terbangun interaksi yang baik dalam keluarga yang dilandasi dengan pendidikan dan pemahaman yang baik tentang Pendidikan seksualitas. Teen pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs in adolescents aged less than 20 years old. Teen pregnancy provides many disadvantages for health, mental, psychological, economic well-being, career opportunities, poverty, and the future life. The aim of the study was to identify the determinants underlying teen pregnancy incidence. This study was a quantitative study with categorical analytic method. The study design used a case control with two comparison groups. The groups were control group and case group. The population in this study was all women who lived in the Wonosari, Sukosari, and Krajan Pandansari district and had or were pregnant for the first time at the age of less than 20 years old. Seventy three respondents were recruited using cluster sampling technique. The case group consists of women who were or had pregnant for the first time at the age of less than 20 years old and their children are currently aged ≤ 1 years old. The control group consists of women who were pregnant for the first time at the age of > 20 years old. The data was collected using a questionnaire. The findings showed that education, history of teen pregnancy in family and the age of marriage were related to the incidence of teen pregnancy after being controlled by information access. Low-educated respondents had 20.8 times higher chance of experiencing teen pregnancy; respondents with a history of teen pregnancy in the family had 4.9 times higher chance of experiencing teen pregnancy; respondents who were married at the age of < 20 years old had 12.1 times higher chance of experiencing teen pregnancy; respondents with poor understanding of condom use had 5.9 times higher chance of teenage pregnancy. In conclusion, the findings suggest to build good interactions in the family based on education and a good understanding of sex education.

NEW VARIETIES OF CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRY BREEDING PLANTS

1970 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
O. D. Golyaeva ◽  
O. V. Kurashev ◽  
S. D. Knyazev ◽  
А. Yu. Bakhotskaya
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Agricultural Sciences ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
First Time ◽  
Red Currant

The main goal of the scientific institution was and remains to improve the assortment of fruit and berry crops for the development of domestic horticulture. Black currant breeding at VNIISPK was started by A.F Tamarova and continued by the doctor of agricultural Sciences T.P.Ogoltsova and doctor of agricultural Sciences S.D. Knyazev. A long-term breeding program has been developed. The main goals of the program are to create black currant cultivars with continuous resistance to diseases, first of all powdery mildew, as wells resistance to pests, i.e. bud mite. As a result of the long-term work, over 40 black currant cultivars have been developed, 14 of them are zoned. Red currant breeding was led by the candidate of agricultural Sciences L.V. Bayanova; since 2001 the work has been continued by the candidate of agricultural Sciences O.D. Golyaeva. ‘Heinemanns Rote Spӓtlese’, the descendant of R. multiflorum Kit., was involved in the red currant breeding for the first time in Russia. On its genetic basis, a series of late maturing cultivars with long and dense racemes was created. At the Institute, in total 21cultivars of red currants have been developed, 13 of them are zoned. At present, red currant cultivars make up 25.5% of the zoned assortment in Russia. The first research on gooseberries was stated by V.P. Semakin and A.F Tamarova; since 1992 the systematic gooseberry breeding has been carried out by the candidate of agricultural Sciences O.V. Kurashev. On the basis of Grossularia robusta, we have created gooseberry forms that are resistant to powdery mildew and leaf spots. These forms are highly productive, weakly thorned, having bush habit suitable for mechanized harvest. The result of breeding activities was the transfer of 6 gooseberry cultivars to State agricultural testing: ‘Solnechny Zaychik’, ‘Nekrasovsky’, ‘Yupiter’, ‘Zemlianichny’, ‘Moryachok’ and ‘Discovery’.

New records of some rare species in the family Hyaloscyphaceae (Ascomycota, Helotiales) from Central Russia

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
E. S. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Rare Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

Three rare species of discomycetes in the family Hyaloscyphaceae are reported from Central Russia (Oryol and Bryansk Regions). Proliferodiscus tricolor is recorded for the first time in Russia. Comments are made on Aeruginoscyphus sericeus and Eriopezia caesia previously reported only from Moscow Region and North Caucasus respectively.

Contribution to the flora of marine algae of the coastal zone of the northeastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
N. V. Evseeva
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Sea Of Okhotsk ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Herbarium Material ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
The Sea Of Okhotsk ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

The revision of the herbarium material, collected in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk in 1965–1966 and stored in VNIRO, allowed to expand the taxonomic list of macrophyte algae of the coastal zone of this area. The locations of discovery of 24 previously unmentioned species are described. Myrionema balticum, Ulvella repens, Syncoryne reinkei, Acrochaetium arcuatum were found in the Sea of Okhotsk for the first time. Most species new for the Sea of Okhotsk is represented by epiphytes of the family Ulvellaceae (Chlorophyta). The final taxonomic list of this region, including literature data, consists of 169 species.

New records of the true bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha, Pentatomomorpha) for the Northeast of European Russia

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
A.N. Zinovjeva
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
European Russia ◽  
True Bugs ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

Twenty seven species of the true bugs from the families Anthocoridae, Reduviidae, Miridae (Cimicomorpha), Coreidae, Thyreocoridae, Acanthosomatidae, and Pentatomidae (Pentatomomorpha) are recorded from the Northeast of European Russia for the first time. The family Thyreocoridae is for the first time reported from the region.

The impact of traditional plants and their secondary metabolites in the discovery of COVID-19 treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabana Bibi ◽  
Ayesha Sarfraz ◽  
Ghazala Mustafa ◽  
Zeeshan Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Aurang Zeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Test System ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
System Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plant Sources

Background: Coronavirus Disease-2019 belongs to the family of viruses which cause a serious pneumonia along with fever, breathing issues and infection of lungs for the first time in China and later spread worldwide. Objective: Several studies and clinical trials have been conducted to identify potential drugs and vaccines for Coronavirus Disease-2019. The present study listed natural secondary metabolites identified from plant sources with antiviral properties and could be safer and tolerable treatment for Coronavirus Disease-2019. Methods: A comprehensive search on the reported studies was conducted using different search engine such as Google scholar, SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline PubMed, and Scopus for the collection of research articles based on plantderived secondary metabolites, herbal extracts, and traditional medicine for coronavirus infections. Results: Status of COVID-19 worldwide and information of important molecular targets involved in COVID-19 is described and through literature search, is highlighted that numerous plant species and their extracts possess antiviral properties and studied with respect to Coronavirus treatments. Chemical information, plant source, test system type with mechanism of action for each secondary metabolite is also mentioned in this review paper. Conclusion: The present review has listed plants that have presented antiviral potential in the previous coronavirus pandemics and their secondary metabolites which could be significant for the development of novel and a safer drug which could prevent and cure coronavirus infection worldwide.

Status of Family Fissidentaceae in Gujarat

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Shah ◽  
D.N. Mehta ◽  
R.V. Gujar
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Species ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vegetative Characters ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Parts

Bryophytes are the second largest group of land plants and are also known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom. 67 species of bryophytes have been reported from select locations across the state of Gujrat. The status of family fissidentaceae which is a large moss family is being presented in this paper. Globally the family consists of 10 genera but only one genus, Fissidens Hedw. has been collected from Gujarat. Fissidens is characterized by a unique leaf structure and shows the presence of three distinct lamina, the dorsal, the ventral and the vaginant lamina. A total of 8 species of Fissidens have been reported from the state based on vegetative characters as no sporophyte stages were collected earlier. Species reported from the neighboring states also showed the absence of sporophytes. The identification of different species was difficult due to substantial overlap in vegetative characters. Hence a detailed study on the diversity of members of Fissidentaceae in Gujarat was carried out between November 2013 and February 2015. In present study 8 distinct species of Fissidens have been collected from different parts of the state. Three species Fissidens splachnobryoides Broth., Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens curvato-involutus Dixon. have been identified while the other five are still to be identified. Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens xiphoides M. Fleisch., which have been reported as distinct species are actually synonyms according to TROPICOS database. The presence of sexual reproductive structures and sporophytes for several Fissidens species are also being reported for the first time from the state.

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