scholarly journals The Impact of Protease during Recovery from Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) State in Vibrio cholerae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2618
Author(s):  
Anusuya Debnath ◽  
Shin-ichi Miyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Vbnc State ◽  
Resuscitation Promoting Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Temperature Upshift

Vibrio cholerae can survive cold stress by entering into a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, and resuscitation can be induced either by temperature upshift only or the addition of an anti-dormancy stimulant such as resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs) at suitable temperature. In this study, the role of proteinase K was analyzed as an Rpf in V. cholerae. A VBNC state was induced in V. cholerae AN59 in artificial seawater (ASW) media at 4 °C, and recovery could be achieved in filtered VBNC microcosm, called spent ASW media, merely by a temperature upshift to 37 °C. The resuscitation ability of spent ASW was further enhanced by the addition of proteinase K. The mode of action of proteinase K was investigated by comparing its effect on the growth of the VBNC and culturable state of V. cholerae in ASW and spent ASW media. The presence of proteinase K allowed culturable cells to grow faster in ASW by reducing the generation time. However, this effect of proteinase K was more pronounced in stressed VBNC cells. Moreover, proteinase K-supplemented spent ASW could also accelerate the transition of VBNC into recovered cells followed by rapid growth. Additionally, we found that dead bacterial cells were the substrate on which proteinase K acts to support high growth in spent ASW. So, the conclusion is that the proteinase K could efficiently promote the recovery and growth of dormant VBNC cells at higher temperatures by decreasing the duration of the initial lag phase required for transitioning from the VBNC to recovery state and increasing the growth rate of these recovered cells.

scholarly journals Leverage and firm investment: the role of information asymmetry and growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Danso ◽  
Theophilus Lartey ◽  
Samuel Fosu ◽  
Samuel Owusu-Agyei ◽  
Moshfique Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Firm Investment ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Growth Firms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Role Of Information

PurposeThis paper aims to demonstrate how financial leverage impacts firm investment and the extent to which this relationship is conditional on the level of information asymmetry as well as growth.Design/methodology/approachThe paper relies on data from 2,403 Indian firms during the period 1995-2014, generating a total of 19,544 firm-year observations. Analysis is conducted by using various panel econometric techniques.FindingsDrawing insights from agency theories, the paper uncovers that financial leverage is negatively and significantly related to firm investment. It is also observed that the impact of financial leverage on firm investment is significant for high information asymmetric firms. Finally, the paper shows that the relationship between leverage and firm investment is significant for low-growth firms. However, no significant relationship is found between leverage and investment for high-growth firms.Originality/valueThis paper provides fresh evidence on the leverage–investment nexus and, to the authors’ knowledge, it the first paper to examine the extent to which this leverage–investment relationship is driven by the level of information asymmetry.

scholarly journals SpaCBA sequence instability and its relationship to the adhesion efficiency of Lactobacillus casei group isolates to Caco-2 cells.

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Markowicz ◽  
Agnieszka Olejnik-Schmidt ◽  
Monika Borkowska ◽  
Marcin T Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Sequence Polymorphism ◽  
Lactobacillus Species ◽  
Adhesion Assay ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Adhesion Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

The ability to adhere to enterocytes is one of the key features of probiotics. This process involves a number of factors, among which the important role of pili was demonstrated. Some Lactobacillus species are confirmed to have heterotrimeric spaCBA type pili. The aim of this study was to identify spaCBA pili in strains of selected Lactobacillus spp. and assess the impact of their presence and sequence polymorphism on the adhesion of these strains to enterocytes. Total 20 bacterial strains of L. rhamnosus, L. casei and L. paracasei were tested. The presence of pilus specific proteins coding genes spaA, spaB and spaC was verified by PCR in order to identify the presence of sequence polymorphism in the genes possibly affecting the structure of the spaCBA pilus. To correlate spaCBA polymorphism to adhesion capability the adhesion assay was carried out using Caco-2 cell line. The effectiveness of the adhesion was measured using a scintillation counter. The Lactobacillus strains analyzed showed the adhesion to Caco-2 enterocytes capability from 0.6% to 19.6%. The presence of spaCBA pili is a factor increasing the adhesion efficiency of Lactobacillus spp. to Caco-2 enterocytes. Lack of these structures on the surface of bacterial cells results in the reduction in adhesion efficiency, indicating its important role in the adhesion process. But not in all cases the correlation between the presence of protein spaCBA structures and adhesion efficiency was observed, what may indicate the important role of other factors in adhesion of analyzed strains to Caco-2 cells.

scholarly journals Risks of Russian Commercial Banks in Mortgage Lending

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Tatarinova ◽  
Vera Plotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Liquidity Risk ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Secondary Markets ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to studying the risks of credit organizations in the process of mortgage lending in the Russian Federation. It identifies the factors affecting mortgage lending Based on the identified factors, it specifies the risks of commercial banks in mortgage lending and characterizes each of the listed types of risks The article examines the indicators of the primary and secondary markets for mortgage lending in Russia that reflect the impact of risks on the activities of credit organizations. It notes notes that due to the high growth rates of mortgage. The undertaken analysis makes it possible to determine the key role of the credit risk and the liquidity risk in a commercial banks the activities in mortgage lending. The paper offers the ways to minimize the risks of commercial banks in mortgage lending. It notes that due to recent changes in construction of residential real estate, banks may face potentially new risks.

Does Growth Affect Firms’ Leverage Adjustment Speed? A Study of Indian Firms

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswajit Ghose ◽  
Kailash Chandra Kabra
Keyword(s):  
High Growth ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Growth Opportunities ◽  
Partial Adjustment ◽  
Partial Adjustment Model ◽  
Adjustment Speed ◽  
Growth Firms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The significance of firms’ growth opportunities as one of the determinants of leverage is documented in many prior studies. But, there are not enough studies which examine the impact of growth on leverage adjustment speed. In this backdrop, the present study investigates the relationship between growth and leverage adjustment speed. Second, the study also examines the moderating role of two dimensions of target deviation, that is, nature and level of deviation in the relationship between growth and leverage adjustment speed. Using partial adjustment model on a dataset of 28,532 firm-year observations comprising 2,718 listed Indian firms with 4–12 years data for each firm, the study observes faster leverage adjustment speed for high-growth firms (36%) than low-growth firms (24%). The results also confirm the moderating effect of target deviation in the relationship between growth and adjustment speed. Overall, the study concludes that firms’ growth opportunities cause asymmetries in target adjustment speed by altering the costs and benefits of adjustment, and nature and level of target deviation moderates the relationship between growth and adjustment speed. These findings are expected to have substantial practical implications for financial managers in their capital structure decisions.

scholarly journals Application of Zymographic and Proteomic Analysis for Identification of Intracellular and Extracellular Proteases of Vibrio cholerae Production Strains

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
T. A. Polunina ◽  
N. V. Kotova ◽  
D. V. Badanin ◽  
A. V. Fedorov ◽  
O. V. Gromova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Culture Liquid ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Extracellular Proteases

The aim of this work was to study the composition and functions of intracellular and extracellular proteases of the production Vibrio cholerae strains 569B serovar Inaba and M41 serovar Ogawa using zymographic and proteomic analysis.Materials and methods. Samples of intracellular proteases were obtained from cell lysates by ultrasonication of bacterial cells in a 9 M urea solution. The extracellular protease fraction was precipitated from the culture liquid by adding 50 % trichloroacetic acid to a final concentration of 10 % and incubating on ice. Lyophilized preparations of proteinase K and proteovibrin enzyme complex were used as a control of proteolytic activity. Proteases were detected by substrate gel electrophoresis in 12.5 % polyacrylamide gel impregnated with 0.1 % gelatin, followed by identification of the composition of protein fractions of lysates and exoproteins of both strains using molecular mass spectrometric scanning.Results and discussion. A comparative study of the production strains of V. cholerae 569B serovar Inaba and M41 serovar Ogawa using zymographic and proteomic analysis showed that the greatest enzymatic activity was detected in the fraction of extracellular proteases sample of V. cholerae M41 strain, where five major and four minor zones of gelatin hydrolysis were identified, and high-intensity zones with MW 20–23 and 37–40 kDa were also found in the preparation of proteovibrin isolated from the culture fluid of that strain. As a result of proteomic analysis of the studied strains, 66 enzymes of V. cholerae with different functional activity were reliably identified, among which 15 enzymes had protease activity. The high information content of the complex of modern methods provided for the possibility of identifying qualitative and quantitative differences in the composition of intracellular and extracellular proteases in production strains of V. cholerae, which offers an effective means of screening inter-strain differences in the protease spectrum in production strains.

Why and How Did Health Economics Appear? Who Were the Main Authors? What is the Role of ITCs in its Development?

2013 ◽  
pp. 971-987
Author(s):  
Ana Pinto Borges ◽  
Erika Laranjeira
Keyword(s):  
Health Economics ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Impact

Over the past sixty years, developed countries have registered high growth of total expenditure on health, which has attracted the attention of health economists, organizations, and policymakers alike. At the same time, the authors observe the increasingly important role of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), not only in improving diagnosis and treatment and the quality of information, but also in the growth of these expenditures. According to this scenario, the authors focus on the development of Health Economics as an autonomous branch within Economics, highlighting not only its origin and the leading authors that began to write about it, but also the impact and the role of the development of ICTs on Health Economics and healthcare.

scholarly journals Enumeration of Viable Non-Culturable Vibrio cholerae Using Droplet Digital PCR Combined With Propidium Monoazide Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Zhao ◽  
Jingyun Zhang ◽  
Zhe Li ◽  
Yu Han ◽  
Biao Kan
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Droplet Digital Pcr ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Propidium Monoazide ◽  
Vbnc State

Many bacterial species, including Vibrio cholerae (the pathogen that causes cholera), enter a physiologically viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state at low temperature or in conditions of low nutrition; this is a survival strategy to resist environmental stress. Identification, detection, and differentiation of VBNC cells and nonviable cells are essential for both microbiological study and disease surveillance/control. Enumeration of VBNC cells requires an accurate method. Traditional counting methods do not allow quantification of VBNC cells because they are not culturable. Morphology-based counting cannot distinguish between live and dead cells. A bacterial cell possesses one copy of the chromosome. Hence, counting single-copy genes on the chromosome is a suitable approach to count bacterial cells. In this study, we developed quantitative PCR-based methods, including real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), to enumerate VBNC V. cholerae cells by counting the numbers of single-copy genes in samples during VBNC-state development. Propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment was incorporated to distinguish dead cells from viable cells. Both PCR methods could be used to quantify the number of DNA copies/mL and determine the proportion of dead cells (when PMA was used). The methods produced comparable counts using three single-copy genes (VC1376, thyA, and recA). However, ddPCR showed greater accuracy and sensitivity than qPCR. ddPCR also allows direct counting without the need to establish a standard curve. Our study develops a PMA-ddPCR method as a new tool to quantify VBNC cells of V. cholerae. The method can be extended to other bacterial species.

scholarly journals Why and How Did Health Economics Appear? Who Were the Main Authors? What is the Role of ITCs in its Development?

Economics ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 1382-1398
Author(s):  
Ana Pinto Borges ◽  
Erika Laranjeira
Keyword(s):  
Health Economics ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Impact

Over the past sixty years, developed countries have registered high growth of total expenditure on health, which has attracted the attention of health economists, organizations, and policymakers alike. At the same time, the authors observe the increasingly important role of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), not only in improving diagnosis and treatment and the quality of information, but also in the growth of these expenditures. According to this scenario, the authors focus on the development of Health Economics as an autonomous branch within Economics, highlighting not only its origin and the leading authors that began to write about it, but also the impact and the role of the development of ICTs on Health Economics and healthcare.

scholarly journals The Impact of IT‑Business Alignment on SME Performance: The Mediating Effects of Strategic Collaboration, Coordination, and Responsiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Bi
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Business Alignment ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Role Of It ◽  
The Impact

The alignment between information technology (IT) and business strategy is regarded as an ongoing issue for information systems (IS) researchers and practitioners. Although prior studies suggest the enabling role of IT‑business alignment on firm performance, our understanding of the processes through which such gains are achieved in the small‑to‑medium enterprise (SME) context still remains unclear. Moreover, there is limited research exporing how SMEs employ the alignment between IT and business strategy to work closely with their business partners in order to achieve business competences. In order to address these research gaps, this study investigates whether and how IT‑business alignment enables SMEs to achieve performance goals through developing strategic business activities effectively and efficiently. Using structural equation modelling analyses of survey responses collected from 211 Australian high growth SMEs, we find positive, significant, and impactful linkages between IT‑business alignment, strategic collaboration, coordination, responsiveness, and SME performance. The results also show that strategic collaboration, coordination, and responsiveness fully mediate the relationship between IT‑business alignment and SME performance. This study contributes to the IS research by providing empirically‑supported explanations for the critical role of IT‑business alignment in SME success. More significantly, through investigating the effect of IT‑business alignment at the inter‑mediate business process level, this research provides new insights to understand the underlying influential mechanisms of IT‑business alignment in the SME context. These findings have important implications for SME business managers.

scholarly journals The Role of Banking Institutional Services on the Sustainable growth of SMEs in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Frank Engwa Engwa ◽  
Ivan Mboambogoh Yakum ◽  
Samuel Tanjeh Mukah
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Relationship Lending ◽  
Business Law ◽  
Institutional Services ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
The Impact

Banking institutions have been very instrumental to the growth of Small and Medium Sized enterprises in many developed economies, and they have been considered as one of the principal driving forces for economic development. The case has not been the same for Cameroon as owner managers of these SMEs have been complaining of the limited presence of banking institutions in solving their problems. Mindful of the fact that Cameroon has a growth vision to become an emerging economy by 2035, the country had to take giant steps to boast the growth of SME in the country. Some of these steps were the introduction of the small business law in 2010. This was all in a drive to ensure that SME play a vital role to the GDP growth, reduce unemployment, alleviate poverty and act as an engine for the country’s emergence growth drive. It is therefore in this light that a study was carried out on the role of banking institutional services on the sustainable growth of SME in Cameroon. A logistic regression model was adopted to examine the impact of banking institutions on the growth of SMEs in Cameroon. The data used in the study was extracted from the 2016 Cameroon Enterprise Survey which was collected from 361 enterprises by the National Institute of Statistics in the country. From the empirical results, it was discovered that 68.4% of the enterprises were growing as opposed to the 31.6%. Despite the high growth rate of these SME bank loans were affecting the growth of SME negatively while MFI loans, electronic banking services, internal funds and research and development were positively contributing to the growth of SME in the country. Thus, we concluded the study by emphasisng the implementation of relationship lending which will contribute positively to the growth of SMEs and more so fiscal policies should be ameliorated to boast the growth of startups businesses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document