scholarly journals Characterization of Rock Samples by A High-Resolution Multi-Technique Non-Invasive Approach

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Fais ◽  
Francesco Cuccuru ◽  
Giuseppe Casula ◽  
Maria Giovanna Bianchi ◽  
Paola Ligas
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Pyroclastic Rock ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Three different non-invasive techniques, namely Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and ultrasonic tomography integrated with petrographic data, were applied to characterize two rock samples of a different nature: A pyroclastic rock and a carbonate rock. We started a computation of high-resolution 3D models of the two samples using the TLS technique supported by a digital SfM photogrammetry survey. The resulting radiometric information available, such as reflectivity maps, SfM photogrammetry textured models and patterns of geometrical residuals, were interpreted in order to detect and underline surface materials anomalies by a comparison of reflectance and natural colour anomalies. Starting from the 3D models from previous techniques, a 3D ultrasonic tomography on each rock sample was accurately planned and carried out in order to detect internal defects or sample heterogeneity. The integration of the above three geophysical non-invasive techniques with petrographical data—especially with the textural characteristics of such materials—represents a powerful method for the definition of the heterogeneity of the rocks at a different scale and for calibrating in situ measurements.

scholarly journals Decay detection in an ancient column with combined close-range photogrammetry (CRP) and ultrasonic tomography.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Casula ◽  
Silvana Fais ◽  
Francesco Cuccuru ◽  
Maria Giovanna Bianchi ◽  
Paola Ligas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Close Range Photogrammetry ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Non Destructive Techniques

<p>The diagnosis of the conservation state of monumental structures from constraints to the spatial distribution of their physical properties on shallow and inner materials represents one of the key objectives in the application of non-invasive techniques. <em>In situ</em>, CRP and 3D ultrasonic tomography can provide an effective coverage of stone materials in space and time. The intrinsic characteristics of the materials that make up a monumental structure and affect the two properties (i.e., reflectivity, longitudinal velocity) through the above methods substantially differ. Consequently, the content of their information is mainly complementary rather than redundant.</p><p>In this study we present the integrated application of different non-destructive techniques i.e., Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP), and low frequency (24 KHz) ultrasonic tomography complemented by petrographycal analysis based essentially on Optical Microscopy (OM). This integrated methodology has been applied to a Carrara marble column of the <em>Basilica of San Saturnino</em>, in Byzantine-Proto-Romanesque style, which is part of the Paleo Christian complex of the V-VI century. This complex also includes the adjacent Christian necropolis in the square of <em>San Cosimo</em> in the city of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. The column under study is made of bare material dating back probably to the first century A.D., it was subjected to various traumas due to disassembly and transport to the site, including damage caused by the close blast of a WWII fragmentation bomb.</p><p>High resolution 3D modelling of the studied artifact was computed starting from the integration of proximal sensing techniques such as CRP based on Structure from Motion (SfM), with which information about the geometrical anomalies and reflectivity of the investigated marble column surface was obtained. On the other hand, the inner parts of the studied body were successfully inspected in a non-invasive way by computing the velocity pattern of the ultrasonic signal through the investigated materials using 3D ultrasonic tomography. This technique gives information on the elastic properties of the material related with mechanical properties and a number of factors, such as presence of fractures, voids, and flaws. Extracting information on such factors from the elastic wave velocity using 3D tomography provides a non-invasive approach to analyse the property changes of the inner material of the ancient column. The integrated application of <em>in situ</em> CRP and ultrasonic techniques provides a full 3D high resolution model of the investigated artifact. This model enhanced by the knowledge of the petrographic characteristics of the materials, improves the diagnostic process and affords reliable information on the state of conservation of the materials used in the construction processes of the studied monumental structure. The integrated use of the non-destructive techniques described above also provides suitable data for a possible restoration and future preservation.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Acknowledgments: </strong>This work was partially supported by FIR (Fondi integrativi per la Ricerca) funded by the University of Cagliari (Italy). The authors would also like to thank the Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali. Polo Museale della Sardegna and Arch. Alessandro Sitzia for their kind permission to work on the <em>San Saturnino Basilica</em>.</p>

A high-resolution non-invasive approach to quantify oxygen transport across the capillary fringe and within the underlying groundwater

2011 ◽  
Vol 122 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 26-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Haberer ◽  
Massimo Rolle ◽  
Sanheng Liu ◽  
Olaf A. Cirpka ◽  
Peter Grathwohl
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Capillary Fringe ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Non Invasive

High Resolution 3D modelling of Cylinder shape bodies applied to 1000 ancient BC columns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Casula ◽  
Silvana Fais ◽  
Francesco Cuccuru ◽  
Maria Giovanna Bianchi ◽  
Paola Ligas
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
3D Modelling ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanner ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Non Destructive

<p>A multi-technique high resolution 3D modelling is described here aimed at the investigation of the state of conservation of carbonate columns of the 1000 BC ancient church of Buon Camino located in the homonymous district of the town of Cagliari (Italy).</p><p>The integrated application of different Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) diagnostic methods is of paramount importance to locate damaged parts of the building material of artefacts of historical buildings and to plan their restoration.</p><p>In this study a multi-step procedure was applied starting with a high resolution 3D modelling performed with the aid of Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) methodologies. For this delicate task we operated simultaneously a Nikon D-5300 digital Reflex 24.2 Mega pixel Camera and a Leica HDS-6200 Terrestrial Laser Scanner. Subsequently, starting from the information detected with the above methods deeper material diagnostics was performed by means of high resolution 3D ultrasonic tomography aimed at the capillary definition of the elastic properties in the inner parts of the building materials. Measurements of longitudinal wave velocity from ultrasonic data were performed using the transmission method, namely two piezoelectric transducers coupled on the opposite sides of the investigated columns. The ultrasonic data acquisition was planned designing an optimal survey and providing a very good spatial coverage of the investigated columns. The columns were then criss-crossed by a large number of ray paths forming a dense 3D net. The SIRT (Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Tomography) algorithm was used to produce the 3D rendering of the velocity distribution inside the investigated columns. With this method the damaged parts were located and it was possible to distinguish them from the unaltered areas. The information on the superficial material conditions obtained by SfM and TLS techniques were compared and integrated with the information of the inner materials obtained by 3D ultrasonic tomography.</p><p>The results of the above non invasive geophysical techniques have been interpreted in the light of the different textural and petrophysical features of the study carbonate building materials. The study of the main textural features, such as the relationship between bioclasts, carbonate matrix, or that of the cement and petrophysical characteristics such as the nature and distribution of porosity were found to be of fundamental importance in the interpretation of the geophysical data (e.g. TLS reflectance and longitudinal acoustic wave propagation). Therefore a detailed analysis of the textures and pore microstructure were carried out from petrographic thin-sections in Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (OM/SEM). The final result of our multi-step-technique integrated methodology is a sophisticated 3D model with a high resolution 3D image representing the internal and external parts of the investigated columns in order to account for their static load resistance and possibly plan their conservation and restoration. The described procedure can also be applied to other cases in which a diagnosis is needed of the state of conservation of the variously shaped, layered-stones and composed artefacts typical of ancient historical buildings.</p><p>Key words: 3D Modelling, 3D Ultrasonic Tomography, Terrestrial Laser Scanner, SfM Photogrammetry, Non-Destructive Testing, Diagnostic, Ancient Columns, Stones</p>

scholarly journals Surface and Interface Treatments on Wooden Artefacts: Potentialities and Limits of a Non-Invasive Multi-Technique Study

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Claudia Invernizzi ◽  
Giacomo Fiocco ◽  
Magdalena Iwanicka ◽  
Piotr Targowski ◽  
Anna Piccirillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Surface And Interface ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Wooden artefacts embrace wide-ranging types of objects, like paintings on panel, sculptures, musical instruments, and furniture. Generally, in the manufacturing process of an artwork, wood is firstly treated with organic and inorganic materials to make it nonporous and morphologically homogeneous, and, at last, the surface treatment consists of varnishes or coatings applied with the aims of conferring aesthetic properties and protecting wood from biological growth and external degradation agents, as well as mechanical damage. In this work, different wooden mock-ups were prepared by varying some parameters: concentration of filler and pigment, respectively, in the ground and paint layers, thickness of the protective varnish coat, and sequence of the layers. The mock-ups were subsequently exposed to time-varying artificial aging processes. The multi-analytical non-invasive approach involved spectroscopic (reflection FT-IR, Raman, and X-ray fluorescence), tomographic (optical coherence tomography) and colorimetric techniques. Data were interpreted using both univariate and multivariate methods. The aim was to evaluate potential and limits of each non-invasive technique into the study of different stratigraphies of wooden artworks. This approach was supported by microscopic observations of cross-sections obtained from selected mock-ups. The methodological approach proposed here would add valuable technical know-how and information about the non-invasive techniques applied to the study of wooden artworks.

scholarly journals Decay Detection in an Ancient Column with Combined Close-Range Photogrammetry (CRP) and Ultrasonic Tomography

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1114
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Casula ◽  
Silvana Fais ◽  
Francesco Cuccuru ◽  
Maria Giovanna Bianchi ◽  
Paola Ligas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Proximal Sensing ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Close Range Photogrammetry ◽  
Resolution Model ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Ultrasonic Techniques ◽  
High Resolution Model

This study presents the integrated application of a few non-destructive techniques, i.e., Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP), and low frequency (24 kHz) ultrasonic tomography complemented by petrographical analysis. The aim here is to assess the conservation state of a Carrara marble column in the Basilica of San Saturnino, which is part of a V-VI century Palaeo Christian complex in the city of Cagliari (Italy). The high resolution 3D modelling of the studied artifact was computed starting from the integration of proximal sensing techniques, such as CRP based on the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique, which provided information on the geometrical anomalies and reflectivity of the investigated marble column surface. The inner parts of the studied body were inspected successfully in a non-invasive way by computing the velocity pattern of the ultrasonic signal through the investigated materials, using 3D ultrasonic tomography. The latter was optimally designed based on the 3D CRP analysis and the locations of the source and receiver points were detected as accurately as possible. The integrated application of in situ CRP and ultrasonic techniques provided a full 3D high resolution model of the investigated artifact, which made it possible to evaluate the material characteristics and its degradation state, affecting mainly the shallower parts of the column. The 3D visualisation improves the efficiency, accuracy, and completeness of the interpretative process of data of a different nature in quite easily understood displays, as well as the communication between different technicians.

scholarly journals Subaqueous geomorphology and delta dynamics of Lake Brienz (Switzerland): implications for the sediment budget in the alpine realm

2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano C. Fabbri ◽  
Isabel Haas ◽  
Katrina Kremer ◽  
Danae Motta ◽  
Stéphanie Girardclos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Sediment Budget ◽  
Seismic Reflection Data ◽  
Sediment Budgets ◽  
Bathymetric Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reflection Data ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
4D Seismic

AbstractNon-invasive techniques such as seismic investigations and high-resolution multibeam sonars immensely improved our understanding of the geomorphology and sediment regimes in both the lacustrine and the marine domain. However, only few studies provide quantifications of basin wide-sediment budgets in lakes. Here, we use the combination of high-resolution bathymetric mapping and seismic reflection data to quantify the sediment budget in an alpine lake. The new bathymetric data of Lake Brienz reveal three distinct geomorphological areas: slopes with intercalated terraces, a flat basin plain, and delta areas with subaquatic channel systems. Quasi-4D seismic reflection data allow sediment budgeting of the lake with a total sediment input of 5.54 × 106 t sediment over 15 years of which three-quarter were deposited in the basin plain. Lake Brienz yields extraordinarily high sedimentation rates of 3.0 cm/yr in the basin plain, much more than in other Swiss lakes. This can be explained by (i) its role as first sedimentary sink in a high-alpine catchment, and by (ii) its morphology with subaquatic channel-complexes allowing an efficient sediment transfer from proximal to distal areas of the lake.

scholarly journals 3D SURVEYING AND GEOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF A GOTHIC NAVE VAULTING FROM POINT CLOUDS

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W3 ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Costa-Jover ◽  
J. Lluis i Ginovart ◽  
S. Coll-Pla ◽  
M. López Piquer ◽  
A. Samper-Sosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Geometry ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Masonry Vaults ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Potential Tool

The development of massive data captures techniques (MDC) in recent years, such as the Terrestrial laser Scanner (TLS), raises the possibility of developing new assessment procedures for architectural heritage. The 3D models that it is able to obtain is a great potential tool, both for conservation purposes and for historical and architectural studies. The paper proposes a simple, non-invasive methodology for the assessment of masonry vaults from point clouds which makes it possible to obtain relevant data about the formal anomalies. The methodology is tested in Tortosa’s Gothic Cathedral’s vaults, where the geometrical differences between vaults, a priori equal, are identified and related with the partially known construction phases. The procedure can be easily used on any other vaulted construction of any kind, but is especially useful to deal with the complex geometry of Gothic masonry vaults.

scholarly journals High resolution 3-D modelling of cylinder shape bodies applied to ancient columns of a church

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Casula ◽  
Francesco Cuccuru ◽  
Maria Giovanna Bianchi ◽  
Silvana Fais ◽  
Paola Ligas
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Central Column

Abstract. The use of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) applied to construction materials allows to highlight and characterize their features, especially in the case of old buildings. The multi-technique high resolution 3D modelling described here is aimed to investigate the conservation state of the central column of a colonnade in the ancient church of Saints Lorenzo and Pancratio, dating to about the second half of the thirteenth century and located in the old town of Cagliari (Italy). This column was considered of interest because its longitudinal axis deviates from its ideal position and it appears the most deteriorated. In this work we describe the integrated application of 3D diagnostic methods, i.e. Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), close range photogrammetry (CRP) and ultrasonic tomography supported by petrographic investigations. They were used to improve the diagnostic process of the conservation state of the investigated column. The TLS technique was supported by CRP to obtain a natural colour texturized 3D model of the column. The geometrical anomaly maps derived from the data of the TLS-CRP survey show the presence of some anomalies worthy of attention. Starting from the 3D reconstruction with previous techniques we planned and implemented a 3D ultrasonic tomography. Ultrasonic tomography proved to be a successful tool in identifying internal defects, as well as the presence of voids and flaws within the materials through the analysis of the propagation of ultrasonic waves. The integration of the three non-invasive techniques supported by petrographical analyses demonstrates its potential in reducing ambiguities since each technique brings its clue to the overall diagnostic process.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional imaging from laser scanner, photogrammetric and acoustic non-destructive techniques in the characterization of stone building materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Giovanna Bianchi ◽  
Giuseppe Casula ◽  
Francesco Cuccuru ◽  
Silvana Fais ◽  
Paola Ligas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional Imaging ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
D Model

Abstract. When combined, the three-dimensional imaging of different physical properties of architectural monumental structures acquired through different methodologies can highlight with efficiency the characteristics of the stone building materials. In this work, we compound high resolution Digital Color Images (DCI) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) data for a dense 3-D reconstruction of an ancient pillar in a nineteenth century building in the town of Cagliari, Italy. The TLS technique was supported by a digital photogrammetry survey in order to obtain a natural color texturized 3-D model of the studied pillar. Geometrical anomaly maps showing interesting analogies were computed both from the 3-D model derived from the TLS application and from the high resolution 3-D model detected with the photogrammetry. Starting from the 3-D reconstruction from previous techniques, an acoustic tomography in a sector of prior interest of the investigated architectural element was planned and carried out. The ultrasonic tomography proved to be an effective tool for detecting internal decay or defects, locating the position of the anomalies and estimating their sizes, shapes, and characteristics in terms of elastic-mechanical properties. Finally, the combination of geophysical and petrographical data sets represents a powerful method for understanding the quality of the building stone materials in the shallow and inner parts of the investigated architectural structures.

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