scholarly journals Microbiological Evaluation of 5 L- and 20 L-Transparent Polypropylene Buckets for Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Inmaculada Polo-López ◽  
Azahara Martínez-García ◽  
Maria Jesus Abeledo-Lameiro ◽  
Hipolito H. Gómez-Couso ◽  
Elvira E. Ares-Mazás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Inactivation Kinetics ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection

Background: Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is an appropriate technology for household treatment of drinking water in low-to-middle-income communities, as it is effective, low cost and easy to use. Nevertheless, uptake is low due partially to the burden of using small volume polyethylene terephthalate bottles (1.5–2 L). A major challenge is to develop a low-cost transparent container for disinfecting larger volumes of water. (2) Methods: This study examines the capability of transparent polypropylene (PP) buckets of 5 L- and 20 L- volume as SODIS containers using three waterborne pathogen indicators: Escherichia coli, MS2-phage and Cryptosporidium parvum. (3) Results: Similar inactivation kinetics were observed under natural sunlight for the inactivation of all three organisms in well water using 5 L- and 20 L-buckets compared to 1.5 L-polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) bottles. The PP materials were exposed to natural and accelerated solar ageing (ISO-16474). UV transmission of the 20 L-buckets remained stable and with physical integrity even after the longest ageing periods (9 months or 900 h of natural or artificial solar UV exposure, respectively). The 5 L-buckets were physically degraded and lost significant UV-transmission, due to the thinner wall compared to the 20 L-bucket. (4) Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the 20 L SODIS bucket technology produces excellent bacterial, viral and protozoan inactivation and is obtained using a simple transparent polypropylene bucket fabricated locally at very low cost ($2.90 USD per unit). The increased bucket volume of 20 L allows for a ten-fold increase in treatment batch volume and can thus more easily provide for the drinking water requirements of most households. The use of buckets in households across low to middle income countries is an already accepted practice.

scholarly journals Field comparison of solar water disinfection (SODIS) efficacy between glass and polyethylene terephalate (PET) plastic bottles under sub-Saharan weather conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Asiimwe ◽  
B. Quilty ◽  
C. K. Muyanja ◽  
K. G. McGuigan
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Sub Saharan

Concerns about photodegradation products leaching from plastic bottle material into water during solar water disinfection (SODIS) are a major psychological barrier to increased uptake of SODIS. In this study, a comparison of SODIS efficacy using glass and plastic polyethylene terephalate (PET) bottles was carried out under strong real sunlight and overcast weather conditions at Makerere University in central Uganda. Both clear and turbid natural water samples from shallow wells and open dug wells, respectively, were used. Efficacy was determined from the inactivation of a wild strain of Escherichia coli in solar-exposed contaminated water in both glass and PET bottles. The studies reveal no significant difference in SODIS inactivation between glass and PET bottles (95% CI, p > 0.05), for all water samples under the different weather conditions except for clear water under overcast conditions where there was a small but significant difference (95% CI, p = 0.047) with less viable bacterial counts in PET bottles at two intermediate time points but not at the end of the exposure. The results demonstrate that SODIS efficacy in glass under tropical field conditions is comparable to PET plastic. SODIS users in these regions can choose either of reactors depending on availability and preference of the user.

The photocatalytic enhancement of acrylic and PET solar water disinfection (SODIS) bottles

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1130-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Carey ◽  
T. M. Perez ◽  
E. G. Arsiaga ◽  
L. H. Loetscher ◽  
J. E. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Water Contaminant ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection

The solar water disinfection method (SODIS) was modified by the addition of a photocatalytic layer of titania on the interior surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and acrylic bottles. Titania was solvent deposited on the interior of commercially available PET bottles, as well as bottles that were constructed from acrylic. Uncoated and titania-coated acrylic bottles removed 3,000,000–5,000,000 colony forming units per milliliter of K12 E. coli from 670 mL of contaminated water in 40 min of solar irradiance. After five hours of sunlight exposure, the concentration of 10 ppm methyl orange (a representative organic water contaminant), was reduced by 61% using the titania-coated acrylic bottles. The concentration of 87 ppb microcystin-LR (a representative algal toxin) was reduced by 70% after 7 hours of sunlight exposure in the titania-coated acrylic bottles. Acrylic is an effective alternative to PET for use in the SODIS method due to its greater UV transparency. The addition of titania to PET and acrylic bottles confers the ability to remove chemical contaminants in addition to inactivating microbiological contaminants.

scholarly journals Solar Water Disinfection to Produce Safe Drinking Water: A Review of Parameters, Enhancements, and Modelling Approaches to Make SODIS Faster and Safer

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3431
Author(s):  
Ángela García-Gil ◽  
Rafael A. García-Muñoz ◽  
Kevin G. McGuigan ◽  
Javier Marugán
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Reactor Material ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modelling Approaches

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is one the cheapest and most suitable treatments to produce safe drinking water at the household level in resource-poor settings. This review introduces the main parameters that influence the SODIS process and how new enhancements and modelling approaches can overcome some of the current drawbacks that limit its widespread adoption. Increasing the container volume can decrease the recontamination risk caused by handling several 2 L bottles. Using container materials other than polyethylene terephthalate (PET) significantly increases the efficiency of inactivation of viruses and protozoa. In addition, an overestimation of the solar exposure time is usually recommended since the process success is often influenced by many factors beyond the control of the SODIS-user. The development of accurate kinetic models is crucial for ensuring the production of safe drinking water. This work attempts to review the relevant knowledge about the impact of the SODIS variables and the techniques used to develop kinetic models described in the literature. In addition to the type and concentration of pathogens in the untreated water, an ideal kinetic model should consider all critical factors affecting the efficiency of the process, such as intensity, spectral distribution of the solar radiation, container-wall transmission spectra, ageing of the SODIS reactor material, and chemical composition of the water, since the substances in the water can play a critical role as radiation attenuators and/or sensitisers triggering the inactivation process.

scholarly journals Health gains from solar water disinfection (SODIS): evaluation of a water quality intervention in Yaoundé, Cameroon

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürg Graf ◽  
Serge Zebaze Togouet ◽  
Norbert Kemka ◽  
Domitille Niyitegeka ◽  
Regula Meierhofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection

In developing countries, the burden of diarrhoea is still enormous. One way to reduce transmission of pathogens is by water quality interventions. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a low-cost and simple method to improve drinking water quality on household level. This paper evaluates the implementation of SODIS in slum areas of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Promoters trained 2,911 households in the use of SODIS. Two surveys with randomly selected households were conducted before (N = 2,193) and after (N = 783) the intervention. Using a questionnaire, interviewers collected information on the health status of children under five, on liquid consumption, hygiene and other issues. Prior to the intervention, diarrhoea prevalence amounted to 34.3% among children. After the intervention, it remained stable in the control group (31.8%) but dropped to 22.8% in the intervention group. Households fully complying with the intervention exhibited even less diarrhoea prevalence (18.3%) and diarrhoea risk could be reduced by 42.5%. Multivariate analyses revealed that the intervention effects are also observed when other diarrhoea risk factors, such as hygiene and cleanliness of household surroundings, are considered. According to the data, adoption of the method was associated with marital status. Findings suggest health benefits from SODIS use. Further promotional activities in low-income settings are recommended.

Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Solar Water Disinfection: A Field Study in Bolivia

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Heri ◽  
Hans-Joachim Mosler
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Change Agents ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
The Social ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Promotional Efforts

This study examines a broad array of theory-based factors derived from diffusion research that affect the current and intended use of solar water disinfection (SODIS), a simple, low-cost technology for treating drinking water at the household level. The perceived attributes of an innovation, the nature of the social system in which it is diffused, the extent of change agents' promotional efforts in diffusing it, and the nature of the communication channels used were operationalized by 16 variables. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of each factor and its predictive power. Eight areas in Bolivia were visited, and 644 families were interviewed on the basis of a structured questionnaire. Simultaneous multiple regression analysis showed that 9 of the 16 factors derived from diffusion research contributed significantly to predicting the current use of SODIS. The implications of the findings for customizing future SODIS diffusion activities are outlined.

scholarly journals SODIS potential: A novel parameter to assess the suitability of solar water disinfection worldwide

2021 ◽  
Vol 419 ◽  
pp. 129889
Author(s):  
José Moreno-SanSegundo ◽  
Stefanos Giannakis ◽  
Sofia Samoili ◽  
Giulio Farinelli ◽  
Kevin G. McGuigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection

scholarly journals Solar water disinfection in high-volume containers: Are naturally occurring substances attenuating factors of radiation?

2020 ◽  
Vol 399 ◽  
pp. 125852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángela García-Gil ◽  
Rafael Valverde ◽  
Rafael A. García-Muñoz ◽  
Kevin G. McGuigan ◽  
Javier Marugán
Keyword(s):  
High Volume ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection

Excystation ofCryptosporidium parvumat temperatures that are reached during solar water disinfection

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. GÓMEZ-COUSO ◽  
M. FONTÁN-SAINZ ◽  
J. FERNÁNDEZ-ALONSO ◽  
E. ARES-MAZÁS
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection ◽  
Notable Increase

SUMMARYSpecies belonging to the generaCryptosporidiumare recognized as waterborne pathogens. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a simple method that involves the use of solar radiation to destroy pathogenic microorganisms that cause waterborne diseases. A notable increase in water temperature and the existence of a large number of empty or partially excysted (i.e. unviable) oocysts have been observed in previous SODIS studies with water experimentally contaminated withCryptosporidium parvumoocysts under field conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the temperatures that can be reached during exposure of water samples to natural sunlight (37–50°C), on the excystation ofC. parvumin the absence of other stimuli. In samples exposed to 40–48°C, a gradual increase in the percentage of excystation was observed as the time of exposure increased and a maximum of 53·81% of excystation was obtained on exposure of the water to a temperature of 46°C for 12 h (versus8·80% initial isolate). Under such conditions, the oocyst infectivity evaluated in a neonatal murine model decreased statistically with respect to the initial isolate (19·38%versus100%). The results demonstrate the important effect of the temperature on the excystation ofC. parvumand therefore on its viability and infectivity.

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