scholarly journals Influence of Water Absorption on the Low Velocity Falling Weight Impact Damage Behaviour of Flax/Glass Reinforced Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeline Paturel ◽  
Hom Nath Dhakal
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Flax Fibre ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
Falling Weight

Due to rigorous new environmental legislations, automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction sectors have redirected their focus into using more recyclable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly lightweight materials driven by strengthening resource efficiency drive. In this study, the influence of moisture absorption on flax and flax/glass hybrid laminates is presented with the aim to investigating their low velocity impact behaviour. Three different types of composite laminates namely, flax fibre reinforced vinyl ester, flax fibre hybridised glass fibre and glass fibre reinforced vinyl ester composites were fabricated using resin infusion technique. The moisture immersion tests were undertaken by immersing the different specimens in sea water bath at room temperature and 70 °C at different time durations. The low velocity falling weight impact testing was performed at 25 Joules of incident energy level and impact damage behaviour was evaluated at both ageing conditions using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro CT). The percentage of moisture uptake was decreased for flax vinyl ester specimens with glass fibre hybridisation. The maximum percentage of weight gain for flax fibre, flax/glass hybrid and glass fibre reinforced composites immersed at room temperature for 696 h is recorded at 3.97%, 1.93%, and 0.431%, respectively. The hybrid composite exhibited higher load and energy when compared flax/vinyl ester composite without hybridisation, indicating the hybrid system as a valid strategy towards achieving improved structural performance of natural fibre composites. The moisture absorption behaviour of these composites at room was observed to follow Fickian behaviour.

scholarly journals Falling Weight Impact Damage Characterisation of Flax and Flax Basalt Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hom Nath Dhakal ◽  
Elwan Le Méner ◽  
Marc Feldner ◽  
Chulin Jiang ◽  
Zhongyi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Damage Mechanisms ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
Falling Weight ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the damage mechanisms of composite materials requires detailed mapping of the failure behaviour using reliable techniques. This research focuses on an evaluation of the low-velocity falling weight impact damage behaviour of flax-basalt/vinyl ester (VE) hybrid composites. Incident impact energies under three different energy levels (50, 60, and 70 Joules) were employed to cause complete perforation in order to characterise different impact damage parameters, such as energy absorption characteristics, and damage modes and mechanisms. In addition, the water absorption behaviour of flax and flax basalt hybrid composites and its effects on the impact damage performance were also investigated. All the samples subjected to different incident energies were characterised using non-destructive techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed micro-tomography (πCT), to assess the damage mechanisms of studied flax/VE and flax/basalt/VE hybrid composites. The experimental results showed that the basalt hybrid system had a high impact energy and peak load compared to the flax/VE composite without hybridisation, indicating that a hybrid approach is a promising strategy for enhancing the toughness properties of natural fibre composites. The πCT and SEM images revealed that the failure modes observed for flax and flax basalt hybrid composites were a combination of matrix cracking, delamination, fibre breakage, and fibre pull out.

Influence of Hybridisation and Test Geometry on the Impact Response of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Laminated Composites

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Schrauwen ◽  
Pascal Bertens ◽  
Ton Peijs
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Impact Behaviour ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Falling Weight ◽  
The Impact

This paper describes the results of falling weight impact tests (FWITs) on glass-fibre-reinforced (GRP) laminates and E-glass/Dyneema® hybrid laminates. The test programme consisted of (i) falling weight impact tests to determine the penetration energy and (ii) experiments to determine the influence of hybrid construction on damage development and impact fatigue lifetime under repeated impact conditions at sub-penetration energy levels. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of hybridisation on the impact behaviour of GRP laminates as well as to find optimal conditions for hybridisation. It was shown that in the case of a rigid test set-up - and hence small deflections - the influence of the Dyneema® on the impact behaviour of hybrid laminates is rather small because damage processes are the result of local contact stresses in the vicinity of the impact body, whereas in the case of a compliant test set-up and large deflections the high energy storage capacity of the ductile Dyneema® fibres is used far more effectively for the protection of hybrid composite laminates. Therefore, it was concluded that in order to fully utilise the potential of high-performance polyethylene fibres it is essential that these fibres are located on the (non-impacted) tensile side of an impacted laminate and that the geometrical test conditions are such that large (bending) deformations are allowed.

The falling weight impact test applied to some glass-fibre reinforced nylons

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3153-3161 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Johnson ◽  
D. R. Moore ◽  
R. S. Prediger ◽  
P. E. Reed ◽  
S. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
Falling Weight

The falling weight impact test applied to some glass-fibre reinforced nylons

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1724-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Johnson ◽  
D. R. Moore ◽  
R. S. Prediger ◽  
P. E. Reed ◽  
S. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
Falling Weight

Effect of Flexural Static Load on the Strength of GFRP Gratings

2014 ◽  
Vol 567 ◽  
pp. 387-392
Author(s):  
Amir Izzuddin ◽  
Ibrisam Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Static Load ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Water Area ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Deep Water Area

– The usage of steel in offshore deep water area contributes to the massive load of the offshore platform which will lead to the massive operational cost. Therefore, the reduction of weight of platform is the major issue that need to be tackled properly. The great improvement in strength to weight ratio compare to steel and high resistivity to corrosion makes Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) grating preferable. GFRP gratings are normally made of two types of processes which are moulded and pultruded and it is usually consists of glass fibre and bonding matrixes of vinyl ester (VE), polyester (PE), or phenolic (PHE). However there is still doubt on GFRP grating application for offshore due to no consensus guidelines for the design of GFRP grating and there are many several types of GFRP grating available to be chosen. This paper presenting the study on two types of GFRP grating strength with variation of bonding matrixes under flexural static load. A total of six specimens of GFRP grating which consist of 1 each of molded vinyl ester, molded polyester, molded phenolic, pultruded vinyl ester, pultruded polyester and pultruded phenolic were tested to failure in flexure. The main parameters concerns in this study are 1) max load vs. mid-span deflection and 2) failure mode of the specimens.

Fatigue properties of a glass-fibre-reinforced polyester material used in wind turbine blades

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
J Vázquez ◽  
A Silvera ◽  
F Arias ◽  
E Soria
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Dynamic Tests ◽  
Wind Turbine Blades ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced

Glass-fibre-reinforced polyester (GFRP) is a composite commonly used in the manufacture of wind turbine blades. In the present work, one such material has been subject to static and dynamic tests in order to obtain data that can be applied to the design of wind turbine blades and other machine elements. The results of the static tests established a basis for the determination of a set of tension-tension (constant amplitude and sinusoidal load) dynamic tests with the aim of establishing a mathematical model in order to predict life as a function of the load state and calculate the fatigue limit. The multiplicative model (y = axb) for y = log of life and x = transformed stress (a and b are characteristic parameters of the material obtained from data) matches the data quite well. The conclusion is that the GFRP studied has no fatigue limit. The possible decrease of fatigue strength of the material with solar radiation and moisture absorption was also investigated, with a negative result.

Fracture Evaluation of the Falling Weight Impact Behaviour of a Basalt/Vinylester Composite Plate through a Multiphase Finite Element Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 754 ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Vannucchi de Camargo ◽  
Ana Pavlovic
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Fem Simulation ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Multiphase Model ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
The One ◽  
Falling Weight

Several investigations regarding the mechanical behaviour of composites reinforced by natural fibers under impact have been realized recently, aiming at achieve a low-weight and resistant design. At the same time, progressively accurate results on numerical simulations have been reached powered by modern Finite Element Method (FEM) approaches for composites; however, demonstrating a faithful indentation pattern is still a challenge. The present work aims at building an impact numerical simulation that exhibits a fracture mechanism exactly like the one seen in experimental tests, also carried in this work, on a Basalt Reinforced Composite Polymer (BRFP) plate subjected to low-velocity falling weight impact (IFW). The FEM simulation describes a multiphase model considering each ply and their inter-layer interactions.

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