scholarly journals The Simple Biology of Flipons and Condensates Enhances the Evolution of Complexity

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4881
Author(s):  
Alan Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Sequence Composition ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Evolution Of Complexity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Condensate Formation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Selection Of

The classical genetic code maps nucleotide triplets to amino acids. The associated sequence composition is complex, representing many elaborations during evolution of form and function. Other genomic elements code for the expression and processing of RNA transcripts. However, over 50% of the human genome consists of widely dispersed repetitive sequences. Among these are simple sequence repeats (SSRs), representing a class of flipons, that under physiological conditions, form alternative nucleic acid conformations such as Z-DNA, G4 quartets, I-motifs, and triplexes. Proteins that bind in a structure-specific manner enable the seeding of condensates with the potential to regulate a wide range of biological processes. SSRs also encode the low complexity peptide repeats to patch condensates together, increasing the number of combinations possible. In situations where SSRs are transcribed, SSR-specific, single-stranded binding proteins may further impact condensate formation. Jointly, flipons and patches speed evolution by enhancing the functionality of condensates. Here, the focus is on the selection of SSR flipons and peptide patches that solve for survival under a wide range of environmental contexts, generating complexity with simple parts.

scholarly journals TOWARDS FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURAL DECOMPOSITION OF CONSTRAINED LAYER INFLATABLE SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 3219-3228
Author(s):  
Koray Benli ◽  
Jonathan Luntz ◽  
Diann Brei ◽  
Wonhee Kim ◽  
Paul Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
And Function

AbstractPneumatically activated systems enable myriad types of highly functional inflatables employing a wide range of architectural approaches affecting their form and function, making systematic conceptual design difficult. A new architectural class of pneumatically activated systems, constrained layer inflatable systems, consists of hierarchically architected flat layers of thin airtight bladders that are internally and/or externally constrained to generate a variety of functionalities. The highly hierarchical architectural structure of constrained layer inflatable systems coincides with the hierarchy of produced functions, providing an opportunity for the development of a functional architectural decomposition, capturing the inherent relationship between architectural and functional hierarchies. The basis of the approach is conveyed through the design of an example constrained layer inflatable system. This approach empowers the systematic understanding of the interrelated architectural and functional breakdown of constrained layer inflatable systems, enabling designers to iteratively analyze, synthesize, and re-synthesize the components of the system improving existing designs and exploring new concepts.

Emphatic Sentences: A Comparative-Translational Study of Formal-Functional Relations in English and Romanian

Transilvania ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Mona Arhire
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Original Text ◽  
John Fowles ◽  
Translational Study ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Functional Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stylistic Device

Emphasis, a well-acknowledged stylistic device, is a carrier of a considerable load of emotional content in the fictional dialogue. Its manifestation can take sundry forms and can be attached to a wide range of feelings and can take different degrees of intensity, all of which determines the creation of the atmosphere and impacts the reception by the readership. This paper reports on the investigation of the occurrence of emphasis embedded in the dialogic utterances of John Fowles’ novel Mantissa. The focus lies on the relation between the formal construction of emphatic sentences and the functional values deriving therefrom. The study entails a comparative analysis of emphatic utterances depicted from the English original text and its translation into Romanian. The three research questions refer to the comparative-contrastive realization of emphatic sentences in the two languages, to the extent to which the functional component succeeds in being transferred to the target language and to possible means of compensation when structural differences pose translational problems. The analysis is structured along a typology of sentences adapted to the nature of the text under scrutiny and to the aims of this study. The findings and conclusions ultimately indicate the importance of establishing a relation between form and function in matter of emphasis in the literary dialogue as an act of communication depending on linguistic devices for its effectiveness.

scholarly journals The cardiac nanoenvironment: form and function at the nanoscale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jashan P. Singh ◽  
Jennifer L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
And Function

AbstractMechanical forces in the cardiovascular system occur over a wide range of length scales. At the whole organ level, large scale forces drive the beating heart as a synergistic unit. On the microscale, individual cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) exhibit dynamic reciprocity, with mechanical feedback moving bidirectionally. Finally, in the nanometer regime, molecular features of cells and the ECM show remarkable sensitivity to mechanical cues. While small, these nanoscale properties are in many cases directly responsible for the mechanosensitive signaling processes that elicit cellular outcomes. Given the inherent challenges in observing, quantifying, and reconstituting this nanoscale environment, it is not surprising that this landscape has been understudied compared to larger length scales. Here, we aim to shine light upon the cardiac nanoenvironment, which plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological homeostasis while also underlying pathological processes. Thus, we will highlight strategies aimed at (1) elucidating the nanoscale components of the cardiac matrix, and (2) designing new materials and biosystems capable of mimicking these features in vitro.

scholarly journals Design principles of hair-like structures as biological machines

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (142) ◽  
pp. 20180206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Seale ◽  
Cathal Cummins ◽  
Ignazio Maria Viola ◽  
Enrico Mastropaolo ◽  
Naomi Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Mechanical Unit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
And Function

Hair-like structures are prevalent throughout biology and frequently act to sense or alter interactions with an organism's environment. The overall shape of a hair is simple: a long, filamentous object that protrudes from the surface of an organism. This basic design, however, can confer a wide range of functions, owing largely to the flexibility and large surface area that it usually possesses. From this simple structural basis, small changes in geometry, such as diameter, curvature and inter-hair spacing, can have considerable effects on mechanical properties, allowing functions such as mechanosensing, attachment, movement and protection. Here, we explore how passive features of hair-like structures, both individually and within arrays, enable diverse functions across biology. Understanding the relationships between form and function can provide biologists with an appreciation for the constraints and possibilities on hair-like structures. Additionally, such structures have already been used in biomimetic engineering with applications in sensing, water capture and adhesion. By examining hairs as a functional mechanical unit, geometry and arrangement can be rationally designed to generate new engineering devices and ideas.

scholarly journals Virtual paleontology: computer-aided analysis of fossil form and function

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran A. Rahman ◽  
Selena Y. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
And Function

‘Virtual paleontology’ entails the use of computational methods to assist in the three-dimensional (3-D) visualization and analysis of fossils, and has emerged as a powerful approach for research on the history of life. Three-dimensional imaging techniques allow poorly understood or previously unknown anatomies of fossil plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, as well as microfossils and trace fossils, to be described in much greater detail than formerly possible, and are applicable to a wide range of preservation types and specimen sizes (Table 1). These methods include non-destructive high-resolution scanning technologies such as conventional X-ray micro-tomography and synchrotron-based X-ray tomography. In addition, form and function can be rigorously investigated through quantitative analysis of computer models, for example finite-element analysis.

scholarly journals Using technology to connect generations: Some considerations of form and function

Comunicar ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (45) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Sánchez-Martínez ◽  
Matthew Kaplan ◽  
Leah Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Relationship Formation ◽  
Positive Potential ◽  
Technology Learning ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Generational Groups ◽  
And Function ◽  
Los Grupos

Nowadays, as ageing increases in Western societies it has become more evident that multiple generations are ageing concurrently at any given time in history. Therefore, ageing must be approached as a multi-generational phenomenon, not just as a question of elders. In this context, situations that engender increased interactions between generations are garnering more attention. There is a growing emphasis on expanding the role of technology in intergenerational programmes, within the field of intergenerational studies. Consequently, this paper is focused on education and learning processes within intergenerational programmes with a strong technology component. Information from a total of 46 intergenerational programmes from 11 countries has been gathered through a survey. Level of impact, status of generational groups, and centrality of technology have been appraised for all programmes in the sample. Technology learning-teaching constitute the main area of intended impact of these programmes. However, the surveyed programmes employ as well a wide range of strategies to facilitate intergenerational communication, cooperation and relationship formation between generations involved. Interest of programmes examined does not just consist of teaching the use technology but of experimenting with technology in different forms and functions and exploring the positive potential for enhancing intergenerational relationships Actualmente, conforme el envejecimiento en las sociedades occidentales aumenta, resulta más evidente que en cualquier momento histórico dado hay varias generaciones envejeciendo simultáneamente. Por tanto, el envejecimiento debe ser estudiado como fenómeno multi-generacional y no solo como un asunto de personas mayores. En este contexto, están suscitando más atención las situaciones que implican más interacciones intergeneracionales. Dentro del campo intergeneracional está aumentando el interés en torno a las posibilidades de expandir el papel de la tecnología en los programas intergeneracionales. En consecuencia, este artículo se centra en los procesos de educación y aprendizaje acaecidos dentro de programas intergeneracionales con un fuerte componente tecnológico. Mediante un sondeo se recogió información sobre un total de 46 de este tipo de programas de 11 países. Todos se han evaluado en la muestra según su nivel de impacto, el estatus de los grupos generacionales y la centralidad de la tecnología. La enseñanza-aprendizaje de la tecnología constituye la principal área de impacto buscada por estos programas, que, no obstante, también utilizan una amplia variedad de estrategias para facilitar la comunicación, la cooperación y la formación de relaciones intergeneracionales entre las generaciones implicadas. El interés de los programas analizados no solo consiste en enseñar a utilizar la tecnología sino en experimentar diferentes formas y funciones con ella, así como en explorar el potencial positivo de la tecnología para mejorar las relaciones intergeneracionales

scholarly journals Site-specific glycosylation regulates the form and function of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J Tarbet ◽  
Lee Dolat ◽  
Timothy J Smith ◽  
Brett M Condon ◽  
E Timothy O'Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Glycosylation Sites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dynamics And Function ◽  
Glcnac Transferase ◽  
And Function

Intermediate filaments (IF) are a major component of the metazoan cytoskeleton and are essential for normal cell morphology, motility, and signal transduction. Dysregulation of IFs causes a wide range of human diseases, including skin disorders, cardiomyopathies, lipodystrophy, and neuropathy. Despite this pathophysiological significance, how cells regulate IF structure, dynamics, and function remains poorly understood. Here, we show that site-specific modification of the prototypical IF protein vimentin with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) mediates its homotypic protein-protein interactions and is required in human cells for IF morphology and cell migration. In addition, we show that the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, which remodels the host IF cytoskeleton during infection, requires specific vimentin glycosylation sites and O-GlcNAc transferase activity to maintain its replicative niche. Our results provide new insight into the biochemical and cell biological functions of vimentin O-GlcNAcylation, and may have broad implications for our understanding of the regulation of IF proteins in general.

Form and function in the acquisition of Korean wh-questions

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Clancy
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Korean Children ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Acquisition Order ◽  
And Function ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTIn this paper the order in which wh-questions are acquired in the production and comprehension of two Korean children, aged 1;8–2;8 and 1;10–2; 10, is analysed and compared with the available crosslinguistic data. Consistencies in acquisition order are hypothesized to be based on universals of cognitive development, which constrain the comprehension and production of wh-forms and influence the order in which mothers introduce them, and on functionally based similarities in the input of form/function pairs across children and languages. Discrepancies in acquisition order are attributed to differences in interactive style across caregivers and children, leading to different input frequencies of particular forms and individual children's selection of different forms for use.

scholarly journals The Antitrochanter of Birds: Form and Function in Balance

The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 789-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Hertel ◽  
Kenneth E. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Hip Joint ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Bipedal Locomotion ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Position And Orientation ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe antitrochanter is a uniquely avian osteological feature of the pelvis that is located lateral to the postero-dorsal rim of the acetabulum. This feature makes the avian hip joint unique among all vertebrates, living and fossil, in that a significant portion of the femoral-pelvic articulation is located outside of the acetabulum. This additional acetabular articulation occurs between the neck of the femur and the antitrochanter, and operates as a hinge joint or ginglymus. It is complementary to the articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum, which is a pivot joint or trochoides. The size, location, and spatial orientation of the antitrochanter were determined for 77 species of birds representing a variety of hindlimb functions (e.g., highly cursorial, vertical clinging, foot-propelled diving) and spanning a wide range of body sizes (swifts to rheas). The area of the antitrochanter is a good predictor of body mass in birds; its position and orientation are reasonably consistent within hindlimb morphofunctional groups, but not among all birds. The antitrochanter serves as a brace to prevent abduction of the hindlimb and to absorb stresses that would otherwise be placed on the head of the femur during bipedal locomotion. The drum-in-trough-like form of the antitrochanter-femur articulation tends to assist in the transfer of long-axis rotational movements of the femur to the pelvis. The avian antitrochanter is a derived feature of birds that evolved as an aid in maintaining balance during bipedal terrestrial locomotion.El Antitrocánter en las Aves: Forma y Función en el Equilibrio

scholarly journals PROFESIONALISME APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA (ASN) DI KANTOR CAMAT BUKIT RAYA KOTA PEKANBARU

Jurnal Niara ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Prihati Prihati ◽  
Harsini Harsini ◽  
Sri Roserdevi Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Government Bureaucracy ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Selection Of

The Indonesian people are always faced with the problem of how to build a clean government and good (good governance and clean government ) . Bureaucracy is expected to be a motivator and as well as a catalyst of the passing of development, not able to perform its role as a modern bureaucracy not only promote the capacity to organize the tasks and functions of the organization , but also capable of responding to the aspirations of the public into the activities and programs of the organization and is able to bring new innovations aimed at facilitate the performance of the organization and as a part of the manifestation of the professional apparatus. In the perspective of public administration Indonesia known to a wide range of pathologies that make bureaucrats or officials are not professional in their duties and functions include low motivation to change and innovate.        Given the urgency of the apparatus role in organizing role and function , it would need to be sought and formulated a strategic approach to build the new face of professional personnel that are reliable , responsive , flexible and innovative in providing services and procedural development implementation.This type of research is descriptive qualitative approach , data collection techniques using in-depth interviews and documentation . The selection of informants by using purposive sampling so didapatlah informants in accordance with the criteria. Further analysis of the data through the interpretation of ethics and EMIC is further elaborated in the study of governance in accordance with the governance discussion is being investigated.The results of the study of responsiveness and innovation apparatus Subdistrict Bukitraya well in order to give service to the community as well as in the implementation of the tasks that others have started to lead to the vision of districts Bukitraya namely the realization of the District Bukitraya The Professionals In The Governance and Service to Society , it's just not done optimally.

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