scholarly journals Robustness of Food Processing Classification Systems

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Bleiweiss-Sande ◽  
Kenneth Chui ◽  
E. Whitney Evans ◽  
Jeanne Goldberg ◽  
Sarah Amin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
The Relationship

Discrepancies exist among food processing classification systems and in the relationship between processed food intake and dietary quality of children. This study compared inter-rater reliability, food processing category, and the relationship between processing category and nutrient concentration among three systems (Nova, International Food Information Council (IFIC), and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC)). Processing categories for the top 100 most commonly consumed foods children consume (NHANES 2013–2014) were independently coded and compared using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Relative ability of nutrient concentration to predict processing category was investigated using linear discriminant analysis and multinomial logistic regression and compared between systems using Cohen’s kappa coefficient. UNC had the highest inter-rater reliability (ρ = 0.97), followed by IFIC (ρ = 0.78) and Nova (ρ = 0.76). UNC and Nova had the highest agreement (80%). Lower potassium was predictive of IFIC’s classification of foods as moderately compared to minimally processed (p = 0.01); lower vitamin D was predictive of UNC’s classification of foods as highly compared to minimally processed (p = 0.04). Sodium and added sugars were predictive of all systems’ classification of highly compared to minimally processed foods (p < 0.05). Current classification systems may not sufficiently identify foods with high nutrient quality commonly consumed by children in the U.S.

scholarly journals Alignment of Food Processing Classification Systems with Nutrient Quality (OR14-01-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Bleiweiss-Sande ◽  
Kenneth Chui ◽  
Whitney Evans ◽  
Sarah Amin ◽  
Jeanne Goldberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Processing Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Processed foods are associated with energy-dense eating patterns among children, yet research using food processing classification systems has led to varying conclusions regarding the impact of processed foods on dietary quality. This study utilized three common classification systems to examine (a) agreement between systems for processing level assignment, and (b) relationships between processing level, as determined by each classification system, and individual nutrient concentrations for foods commonly consumed by children. Methods The Nova, International Food Information Council (IFIC), and the University of North Carolina (UNC) systems were examined. Two researchers independently coded processing level according to each system's criteria for the 100 most commonly consumed foods by children 6–12 yrs (NHANES 2013–2014). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation. Concentration of under- (potassium, fiber, choline, magnesium, calcium, iron, vitamins A, D, E, and C) and over-consumed (added sugars, saturated fat and sodium) nutrients were quantified for 100 grams of each food. Alignment of processing classification systems with nutrient concentration was investigated using linear discriminant analysis and multinomial logistic regression, and compared among systems using Cohen's kappa. Results Most foods were classified as highly processed (70%, 62% 53%, for the Nova, UNC and IFIC system, respectively). The UNC system had the highest inter-rater reliability (r = 0.97, P < 0.001), followed by IFIC (r = 0.78, P < 0.001) and Nova (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). Processing level was associated with greater sodium and total sugars for both UNC and IFIC, and iron for IFIC. Minimal processing was associated with a higher concentration of vitamin C for IFIC and UNC. There were no other significant associations. Agreement was highest between Nova and UNC (k = 0.61, P < 0.001) and lowest between Nova and IFIC (k = 0.52, P < 0.001). Conclusions Processing classification systems may differentiate highly processed foods by their nutrient qualities, but not moderately or minimally processed. Universal definitions for processing level assignment are needed to ensure consistent methodology in studies examining the relationship between processed food intake and health. Funding Sources NA.

scholarly journals Classification and Intellectual Disabilities: An Investigation of the Factors That Predict the Performance of Athletes With Intellectual Disability

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-301
Author(s):  
Rosanna Gilderthorp ◽  
Jan Burns ◽  
Fergal Jones
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multiple Health ◽  
Sporting Performance

It has been shown that having intellectual disabilities impacts to reduce performance compared to athletes without this impairment. However, it has also been demonstrated that there is a not a direct link between intelligence and athletic performance. To advance elite ID sport more needs to be understood about the relationship between this impairment and sporting performance. This is vital if competition classification systems are to be based on theory and evidence. This study used the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as an approach to classification and examined the impact of multiple health problems on athletic performance. A health survey was administered to two groups of athletes with ID: elite and regional level athletes. Athletes with Down Syndrome were also identified. Overall disability scores predicted sporting performance, but not IQ or Down Syndrome. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the ICF framework and classification.

Quality assurance and the classification of universities: the case of Chile

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. López ◽  
Maria J. Rojas ◽  
Boris A. López ◽  
Oscar Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Institutional Diversity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between quality assurance, the traditional a priori approach, and a more recently developed empirical classification of universities, as a means of assessing whether the different classification systems fulfill their original purpose. The study analyzes Chilean university classifications because they have been used in setting up higher education public policies. Design/methodology/approach The existing classifications of Chilean universities were identified in the literature. Researchers determined categories, criteria and/or indicators used, as well as their main purposes as described by the authors of the classifications. All the criteria and indicators identified were directly related to the quality of academic activities and to the results of the university accreditation processes. The institutional accreditation outcomes and variables were studied using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Findings The a priori approach proved to be consistent with the results of institutional quality assurance, despite of the variability in individual performances. The empirical systems, however, do not show any contribution to the improvement of public policies in higher education. The results clearly show that classifications based on performance do not necessarily ensure improvements in institutional quality. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this analysis is the first study of the relationship between university classification and quality assurance. The growing number of proposals for different empirical classifications in Chilean universities is evidence of institutional diversity only. However, the classification designs did not respond to purposes such as public policies improvements and other expected results from these instruments.

scholarly journals Two Dimensions of Nutritional Value: Nutri-Score and NOVA

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2783
Author(s):  
Carmen Romero Ferreiro ◽  
David Lora Pablos ◽  
Agustín Gómez de la Cámara
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Of Processing ◽  
Labelling System

Front-of-pack labels can improve the ability of consumers to identify which foods are healthier, making them a useful public health tool. Nutri-Score is a front-of-pack labelling system adopted by several European countries. This system ranks foods according to their nutritional quality, but does not consider other dimensions such as the degree of food processing. The aim of this study is to compare the nutritional quality (as assessed by Nutri-Score) and the ultra-processing (as assessed by the NOVA classification) of foods in the Open Food Facts database. A simple correspondence analysis was carried out to study the relationship between the two systems. Ultra-processed foods (NOVA 4) were found in all Nutri-Score categories, ranging from 26.08% in nutritional category A, 51.48% in category B, 59.09% in category C, 67.39% in category D to up to 83.69% in nutritional category E. Given the negative effect that the consumption of ultra-processed foods has on different aspects of health, front-of-pack labelling with Nutri-Score should at least be accompanied by complementary labelling indicating the level of processing, such as the NOVA classification.

scholarly journals EEG Feature Extraction Using Genetic Programming for the Classification of Mental States

Algorithms ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Emigdio Z-Flores ◽  
Leonardo Trujillo ◽  
Pierrick Legrand ◽  
Frédérique Faïta-Aïnseba
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Linear Transformations ◽  
Common Spatial Pattern ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Extraction Algorithm

The design of efficient electroencephalogram (EEG) classification systems for the detection of mental states is still an open problem. Such systems can be used to provide assistance to humans in tasks where a certain level of alertness is required, like in surgery or in the operation of heavy machines, among others. In this work, we extend a previous study where a classification system is proposed using a Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for the classification of two mental states, namely a relaxed and a normal state. Here, we propose an enhanced feature extraction algorithm (Augmented Feature Extraction with Genetic Programming, or +FEGP) that improves upon previous results by employing a Genetic-Programming-based methodology on top of the CSP. The proposed algorithm searches for non-linear transformations that build new features and simplify the classification task. Although the proposed algorithm can be coupled with any classifier, LDA achieves 78.8% accuracy, the best predictive accuracy among tested classifiers, significantly improving upon previously published results on the same real-world dataset.

scholarly journals Processed and ultra-processed foods are associated with lower-quality nutrient profiles in children from Colombia

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Cornwell ◽  
Eduardo Villamor ◽  
Mercedes Mora-Plazas ◽  
Constanza Marin ◽  
Carlos A Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Nutrient Profiles

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if processed and ultra-processed foods consumed by children in Colombia are associated with lower-quality nutrition profiles than less processed foods.DesignWe obtained information on sociodemographic and anthropometric variables and dietary information through dietary records and 24 h recalls from a convenience sample of the Bogotá School Children Cohort. Foods were classified into three categories: (i) unprocessed and minimally processed foods, (ii) processed culinary ingredients and (iii) processed and ultra-processed foods. We also examined the combination of unprocessed foods and processed culinary ingredients.SettingRepresentative sample of children from low- to middle-income families in Bogotá, Colombia.SubjectsChildren aged 5–12 years in 2011 Bogotá School Children Cohort.ResultsWe found that processed and ultra-processed foods are of lower dietary quality in general. Nutrients that were lower in processed and ultra-processed foods following adjustment for total energy intake included: n-3 PUFA, vitamins A, B12, C and E, Ca and Zn. Nutrients that were higher in energy-adjusted processed and ultra-processed foods compared with unprocessed foods included: Na, sugar and trans-fatty acids, although we also found that some healthy nutrients, including folate and Fe, were higher in processed and ultra-processed foods compared with unprocessed and minimally processed foods.ConclusionsProcessed and ultra-processed foods generally have unhealthy nutrition profiles. Our findings suggest the categorization of foods based on processing characteristics is promising for understanding the influence of food processing on children’s dietary quality. More studies accounting for the type and degree of food processing are needed.

Flare Rate Thresholds for Patient Assessment of Disease Activity States in Gout

2020 ◽  
pp. jrheum.191242 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Taylor ◽  
Nicola Dalbeth ◽  
Kenneth G. Saag ◽  
Jasvinder A. Singh ◽  
Elizabeth J. Rahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
Low Disease Activity ◽  
Patient Acceptable Symptom State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gout Flare ◽  
Assessment Of Disease Activity

Objective To determine the relationship between gout flare rate and self-categorization into remission, low disease activity (LDA), and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS). Methods Patients with gout self-categorized as remission, LDA, and PASS, and reported number of flares over the preceding 6 and 12 months. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the association between being in each disease state (LDA and PASS were combined) and flare count, and self-reported current flare. A distribution-based approach and extended Youden index identified possible flare count thresholds for each state. Results Investigators from 17 countries recruited 512 participants. Remission was associated with a median recalled flare count of zero over both 6 and 12 months. Each recalled flare reduced the likelihood of self-perceived remission compared with being in higher disease activity than LDA/PASS, by 52% for 6 months and 23% for 12 months, and the likelihood of self-perceived LDA/PASS by 15% and 5% for 6 and 12 months, respectively. A threshold of 0 flares in preceding 6 and 12 months was associated with correct classification of self-perceived remission in 58% and 56% of cases, respectively. Conclusion Flares are significantly associated with perceptions of disease activity in gout, and no flares over the prior 6 or 12 months is necessary for most people to self-categorize as being in remission. However, recalled flare counts alone do not correctly classify all patients into self-categorized disease activity states, suggesting that other factors may also contribute to self-perceived gout disease activity.

scholarly journals Degree of food processing and its relationship with overweight and body adiposity in Brazilian adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Cristina Guimarães da SILVA ◽  
Fabrícia Geralda FERREIRA ◽  
Dayana Ladeira Macedo PEREIRA ◽  
Emanuele Louise Gomes de MAGALHÃES ◽  
Giana Zarbato LONGO
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Body Adiposity ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Objective To check the relationship of the degree of food processing with overweight and body adiposity in Brazilian adults. Methods Cross-sectional study with 670 adults (334 women and 336 men) aged 20-59 years in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, based on population data collected using a questionnaire, 24-hour dietary recall interview, and anthropometric evaluation. Consumed foods were categorized into four groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods. Poisson regression models were used to assess the relationship between degree of food processing and overweight and body adiposity. Results The contribution of unprocessed or minimally processed foods to total energy intake was a protective factor for overweight in all quartiles. The contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake was a risk factor for overweight in the highest quartile (prevalence ratio, 1.308; 95% confidence interval, 1.085-1.577). High energy intake from ultra-processed foods was a risk factor for excess adiposity in the highest quartiles. Conclusion Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with overweight and excess adiposity, whereas consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods is a protective factor for overweight.

K-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM BASED CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL FERTILITY IN NORTH WEST NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 780-787
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Hassan Hayatu ◽  
Abdullahi Mohammed ◽  
Barroon Ahmad Isma’eel ◽  
Sahabi Yusuf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
North West ◽  
R Programming ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The Relationship

Soil fertility determines a plant's development process that guarantees food sufficiency and the security of lives and properties through bumper harvests. The fertility of soil varies according to regions, thereby determining the type of crops to be planted. However, there is no repository or any source of information about the fertility of the soil in any region in Nigeria especially the Northwest of the country. The only available information is soil samples with their attributes which gives little or no information to the average farmer. This has affected crop yield in all the regions, more particularly the Northwest region, thus resulting in lower food production.  Therefore, this study is aimed at classifying soil data based on their fertility in the Northwest region of Nigeria using R programming. Data were obtained from the department of soil science from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The data contain 400 soil samples containing 13 attributes. The relationship between soil attributes was observed based on the data. K-means clustering algorithm was employed in analyzing soil fertility clusters. Four clusters were identified with cluster 1 having the highest fertility, followed by 2 and the fertility decreases with an increasing number of clusters. The identification of the most fertile clusters will guide farmers on where best to concentrate on when planting their crops in order to improve productivity and crop yield.

DONG SON BRONZE DRUM - THE WORK OF THE LAC VIET PEOPLE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Hao
Keyword(s):  
Classification Criteria ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Tribal Identity ◽  
The Relationship

Bronze drums are widely distributed, broader than the range of a nation. Therefore, the identification of each kind of drum is a basic subject, should be concerned. In determining the tribal identity of the drum, the classification of drum is the key stage, the relationship between the objective of the classification and classification criteria is the relation as shape and shadow, if there is no right criteria then the result of division will be difficult to reach the desired goal. Likewise, the criterion of the pattern on the bronze drum brought to the affirmation is the Dong Son bronze drum of the Lac Viet people. And the parallel is the affirmation of the culture, way of life, residence of the nation created the drum.

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