scholarly journals Effect of Ingestion of Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Substrate Oxidation during Aerobic Exercise Could Depend on Sex Difference in Middle-Aged Sedentary Persons

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Naohisa Nosaka ◽  
Shougo Tsujino ◽  
Kazumitsu Honda ◽  
Hiromi Suemitsu ◽  
Kazuhiko Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Medium Chain

Fat oxidation (FAO) during aerobic exercise and whole-body FAO via lipid intake are thought to be important for the maintenance of health, such as the prevention of type 2 diabetes and obesity in sedentary persons in their 40s and 50s. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) ingestion has been attracting attention. However, the effects of difference of sex and the composition of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are unclear, so we examined the effects of these factors on FAO during aerobic exercise. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-arm, within-participants crossover trial. FAO during low- to moderate-intensity exercise was compared when octanoate-rich MCTs (C8R), decanoate-rich MCTs (C10R), or carbohydrate (control) was ingested. Three 2-week interventions were separated by two 2-week washout periods. An increase of FAO during exercise after the C8R diet was found in males, but not in females. An increase of carbohydrate oxidation (CAO) and oxygen uptake during exercise after the C10R diet was found in females, but not in males. In a pooled estimate of the effect of MCTs (C8R and C10R) in women and men, FAO increased during exercise. In conclusion, short-term ingestion of MCTs by middle-aged sedentary persons could increase FAO during aerobic exercise compared to carbohydrate ingestion, but the enhancing effect of MCTs on substrate utilization and oxygen uptake might vary, depending on sex and the composition of MCFAs.

scholarly journals Water and carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise increase maximal neuromuscular power

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 730-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo G. Fritzsche ◽  
Thomas W. Switzer ◽  
Bradley J. Hodgkinson ◽  
Suk-Ho Lee ◽  
James C. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Secondary Findings ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Fan Speed ◽  
The Individual

This study investigated the individual and combined effects of water and carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged cycling on maximal neuromuscular power (Pmax), thermoregulation, cardiovascular function, and metabolism. Eight endurance-trained cyclists exercised for 122 min at 62% maximal oxygen uptake in a 35°C environment (50% relative humidity, 2 m/s fan speed). Pmax was measured in triplicate during 6-min periods beginning at 26, 56, 86, and 116 min. On four different occasions, immediately before and during exercise, subjects ingested 1) 3.28 ± 0.21 liters of water with no carbohydrate (W); 2) 3.39 ± 0.23 liters of a solution containing 204 ± 14 g of carbohydrate (W+C); 3) 204 ± 14 g of carbohydrate in only 0.49 ± 0.03 liter of solution (C); and 4) 0.37 ± 0.02 liter of water with no carbohydrate (placebo; Pl). These treatments were randomized, disguised, and presented double blind. At 26 min of exercise, Pmax was similar in all trials. From 26 to 116 min, Pmax declined 15.2 ± 3.3 and 14.5 ± 2.1% during C and Pl, respectively; 10.4 ± 1.9% during W (W > C, W > Pl; P< 0.05); and 7.4 ± 2.2% during W+C (W+C > W, W+C > C, and W+C > Pl; P < 0.05). As an interesting secondary findings, we also observed that carbohydrate ingestion increased heat production, final core temperature, and whole body sweating rate. We conclude that, during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise in a warm environment, ingestion of W attenuates the decline in Pmax. Furthermore, ingestion of W+C attenuates the decline in maximal power more than does W alone, and ingestion of C alone does not attenuate the decline in Pmax compared with Pl.

Protein consumption following aerobic exercise increases whole-body protein turnover in older adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Murphy ◽  
Benjamin F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Postexercise Recovery

Research measuring whole-body protein turnover (WBPT) after both exercise and nutrition has generally focused on resistance exercise; however, there is a paucity of data regarding the effect of postaerobic exercise nutrition, especially in older adults. It is not known if postexercise protein feeding has a beneficial effect on protein turnover after low- to moderate-intensity exercise. We investigated whether consuming protein plus carbohydrate (PRO) immediately after an acute bout of aerobic exercise has an additive effect over carbohydrate alone (CHO) on WBPT in older individuals. Twelve healthy older adults (age, 59 ± 4 years) were studied on 2 separate occasions after 1 h of exercise at approximately 50% of maximal rate of oxygen uptake, followed by 4 h of recovery. Immediately following exercise, subjects ingested a CHO (60 g) or an isocaloric PRO beverage (40 g carbohydrate, 20 g whey protein). Whole-body protein metabolism was determined using [1-13C]leucine infusion (60 mg prime; 75 mg·h–1 continuous), and sampling blood and expired breath. Rates of whole-body leucine appearance and oxidation, and nonoxidative leucine disposal during the third and fourth hours of postexercise recovery were higher in the PRO group (2.51 ± 0.55, 0.78 ± 0.37, and 1.71 ± 0.44 µmol·kg–1·min–1, respectively) than in the CHO group (1.81 ± 0.27, 0.33 ± 0.14, and 1.47 ± 0.25 µmol·kg–1·min–1, respectively; p = 0.001). Our results indicate that consumption of a PRO beverage after aerobic exercise increased WBPT to a greater extent than a CHO beverage.

scholarly journals Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine content in older individuals increases whole‐body fat oxidation during moderate‐intensity exercise

Aging Cell ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Chee ◽  
Chris E. Shannon ◽  
Aisling Burns ◽  
Anna L. Selby ◽  
Daniel Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise

scholarly journals Medium Chain Acylcarnitines Dominate the Metabolite Pattern in Humans under Moderate Intensity Exercise and Support Lipid Oxidation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. e11519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Lehmann ◽  
Xinjie Zhao ◽  
Cora Weigert ◽  
Perikles Simon ◽  
Elvira Fehrenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Metabolite Pattern

Muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans: influence of carbohydrate availability

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. McConell ◽  
R. J. Snow ◽  
J. Proietto ◽  
M. Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Inosine Monophosphate ◽  
Muscle Energy

Eight endurance-trained men cycled to volitional exhaustion at 69 ± 1% peak oxygen uptake on two occasions to examine the effect of carbohydrate supplementation during exercise on muscle energy metabolism. Subjects ingested an 8% carbohydrate solution (CHO trial) or a sweet placebo (Con trial) in a double-blind, randomized order, with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies ( n = 7) obtained before and immediately after exercise. No differences in oxygen uptake, heart rate, or respiratory exchange ratio during exercise were observed between the trials. Exercise time to exhaustion was increased by ∼30% when carbohydrate was ingested [199 ± 21 vs. 152 ± 9 (SE) min, P < 0.05]. Plasma glucose and insulin levels during exercise were higher and plasma free fatty acids lower in the CHO trial. No differences between trials were observed in the decreases in muscle glycogen and phosphocreatine or the increases in muscle lactate due to exercise. Muscle ATP levels were not altered by exercise in either trial. There was a small but significant increase in muscle inosine monophosphate levels at the point of exhaustion in both trials, and despite the subjects in CHO trial cycling 47 min longer, their muscle inosine monophosphate level was significantly lower than in the Con trial (CHO: 0.16 ± 0.08, Con: 0.23 ± 0.09 mmol/kg dry muscle). These data suggest that carbohydrate ingestion may increase endurance capacity, at least in part, by improving muscle energy balance.

Substrate metabolism when subjects are fed carbohydrate during exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. E828-E835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez ◽  
Lauri O. Byerley ◽  
Edward F. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

This study determined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on the lipolytic rate, glucose disappearance from plasma (Rd Glc), and fat oxidation. Six moderately trained men cycled for 2 h on four separate occasions. During two trials, they were fed a high-glycemic carbohydrate meal during exercise at 30 min (0.8 g/kg), 60 min (0.4 g/kg), and 90 min (0.4 g/kg); once during low-intensity exercise [25% peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak)] and once during moderate-intensity exercise (68%V˙o 2 peak). During two additional trials, the subjects remained fasted (12–14 h) throughout exercise at each intensity. After 55 min of low-intensity exercise in fed subjects, hyperglycemia (30% increase) and a threefold elevation in plasma insulin concentration ( P < 0.05) were associated with a 22% suppression of lipolysis compared with when subjects were fasted (5.2 ± 0.5 vs. 6.7 ± 1.2 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, P < 0.05), but fat oxidation was not different from fasted levels at this time. Fat oxidation when subjects were fed carbohydrate was not reduced below fasting levels until 80–90 min of exercise, and lipolysis was in excess of fat oxidation at this time. The reduction in fat oxidation corresponded in time with the increase in Rd Glc. During moderate-intensity exercise, the very small elevation in plasma insulin concentration (∼3 μU/ml; P < 0.05) during the second hour of exercise when subjects were fed vs. when they were fasted slightly attenuated lipolysis ( P < 0.05) but did not increase Rd Glc or suppress fat oxidation. These findings indicate that despite a suppression of lipolysis after carbohydrate ingestion during exercise, the lipolytic rate remained in excess and thus did not limit fat oxidation. Under these conditions, a reduction in fat oxidation was associated in time with an increase in glucose uptake.

scholarly journals Effects of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and VO2max in Elderly Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 230-233
Author(s):  
Gusbakti Rusip ◽  
Sri Mukti Suhartini
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Spearman Test ◽  
Gpx Activity

BACKGROUND: Sedentary lifestyle in the elderly decreases the function of cardiovascular system may lead reduction performance. Many previous studies reported that moderate intensity aerobic exercise was recommended for older persons because it may increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) at optimum level. The increasing of ROS can activate antioxidant mechanism against oxidatif stress due to exercise. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the change of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and VO2max on moderate intensity aerobic exercise and its correlation. METHODS: The study design was quasi-experimental. Subjects were sedentary elderly women age 65 ± 5.06 years old. Total subject was 73 persons selected by consecutive sampling. Subjects did moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 12 weeks by walking for 30 min a day, 3 times a week at 50–85% of maximum heart rate. The parameters were measured on the baseline and 12 weeks after exercise. GPx activity from the plasma was examined by ELISA and the VO2max was measured by 6-min walking distance. The data were analyzed by unpaired t-test and Spearman test. RESULTS: GPx activity and VO2max were significantly increased about 41.75% and 24.11% (p < 0.05) on the experimental group, respectively. There was a correlation between GPx activity and VO2max (r = 0.223, p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: Regular moderate intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased GPx activity and VO2max. This kind of exercise is advised for the elderly because it can elevate antioxidant level as a defense against oxidative stress due to aging; therefore, it can improve aerobic capacity in the elderly.

Genes and exercise intolerance: insights from McArdle disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Nogales-Gadea ◽  
Richard Godfrey ◽  
Alfredo Santalla ◽  
Jaume Coll-Cantí ◽  
Guillem Pintos-Morell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycogen Storage Disease Type ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Exercise Intolerance ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Mcardle Disease

McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V) is caused by inherited deficiency of a key enzyme in muscle metabolism, the skeletal muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase, “myophosphorylase,” which is encoded by the PYGM gene. Here we review the main pathophysiological, genotypic, and phenotypic features of McArdle disease and their interactions. To date, moderate-intensity exercise (together with pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion) is the only treatment option that has proven useful for these patients. Furthermore, regular physical activity attenuates the clinical severity of McArdle disease. This is quite remarkable for a monogenic disorder that consistently leads to the same metabolic defect at the muscle tissue level, that is, complete inability to use muscle glycogen stores. Further knowledge of this disorder would help patients and enhance understanding of exercise metabolism as well as exercise genomics. Indeed, McArdle disease is a paradigm of human exercise intolerance and PYGM genotyping should be included in the genetic analyses that might be applied in the coming personalized exercise medicine as well as in future research on genetics and exercise-related phenotypes.

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