Cortisol and Dexamethasone Mediate Glucocorticoid Actions in the Lesser Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula)

Corticosteroids are hormones produced in vertebrates exerting gluco- and mineralocorticoid actions (GC and MC) mediated by specific receptors (GR and MR, respectively). In elasmobranchs, the major circulating corticosteroid is the 1α-hydroxycorticosterone (1α-OHB). This hormone acts as a MC, but to date its role as a GC has not been established. As there is no 1α-OHB standard available, here we employed a set of in vivo and ex vivo approaches to test GC actions of other corticosteroids in the lesser spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). Dexamethasone (DEX, a synthetic corticosteroid) slow-release implants decreased plasma 1α-OHB levels after 7 days, and modified carbohydrates metabolism in liver and white muscle (energy stores and metabolic enzymes). In addition, ex vivo culture of liver and white muscle explants confirmed GC actions of corticosteroids not naturally present in sharks (cortisol and DEX) by increasing glucose secretion from these tissues. Dose–response curves induced by cortisol and DEX, altogether with the use of specific GR inhibitor mifepristone, confirmed the involvement of GR mediating glucose secretion. This study highlights the influence of corticosteroids in the glucose balance of S. canicula, though the role of 1α-OHB as a GC hormone in sharks should be further confirmed.

Locust density shapes energy metabolism and oxidative stress resulting in divergence of flight traits

Flight ability is essential for the enormous diversity and evolutionary success of insects. The migratory locusts exhibit flight capacity plasticity in gregarious and solitary individuals closely linked with different density experiences. However, the differential mechanisms underlying flight traits of locusts are largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the variation of flight capacity by using behavioral, physiological, and multiomics approaches. Behavioral assays showed that solitary locusts possess high initial flight speeds and short-term flight, whereas gregarious locusts can fly for a longer distance at a relatively lower speed. Metabolome–transcriptome analysis revealed that solitary locusts have more active flight muscle energy metabolism than gregarious locusts, whereas gregarious locusts show less evidence of reactive oxygen species production during flight. The repression of metabolic activity by RNA interference markedly reduced the initial flight speed of solitary locusts. Elevating the oxidative stress by paraquat injection remarkably inhibited the long-distance flight of gregarious locusts. In respective crowding and isolation treatments, energy metabolic profiles and flight traits of solitary and gregarious locusts were reversed, indicating that the differentiation of flight capacity depended on density and can be reshaped rapidly. The density-dependent flight traits of locusts were attributed to the plasticity of energy metabolism and degree of oxidative stress production but not energy storage. The findings provided insights into the mechanism underlying the trade-off between velocity and sustainability in animal locomotion and movement.

Gambaran Penurunan Nyeri Pada Penderita Neck Pain Setelah Dilakukan Muscle Energy Technique (MET) : Literature Review

Neck pain or neck pain is a musculoskeletal complaint such as pain in the neck and stiffness that is often experienced by the community. Around 16.6% of the adult population in Indonesia complains of neck pain every year. To reduce pain in patients with neck pain, interventions can be given, one of which is Muscle Energy Technique (MET). This study aims to determine the description of pain reduction in patients with neck pain after accepting the Muscle Energy Technique (MET). Writing this article uses a literature review system using PICO. This article was obtained from searching the Microsoft Academic and Scilit online database with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The measuring instrument used in the literature review is the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The results of the literature review analysis of these 5 articles found that the results of pain reduction from the results of the pre-test were 6.13 and post-test were 2.37. So there is a decrease in pain after accepting the Muscle Energy Technique (MET). Muscle Energy Technique (MET) has an effect on reducing pain in Neck Pain cases. It is hoped that this research should be able to increase knowledge about the management of pain reduction in cases of neck pain after accepting the Muscle Energy Technique (MET).Keywords : Neck pain; muscle energy technique (MET); visual analogue scale (VAS). AbstrakNeck pain atau nyeri leher merupakan keluhan muskuloskeletal seperti terasa sakit dibagian leher dan kaku yang sering dialami oleh masyarakat. Sekitar 16,6% setiap tahunnya populasi orang dewasa di Indonesia mengeluhkan rasa nyeri pada leher. Untuk menurunkan nyeri pada penderita Neck pain dapat diberikan intervensi salah satunya adalah Muscle Energy Technique (MET). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penurunan nyeri pada penderita Neck pain setelah dilakukan Muscle Energy Technique (MET). Penulisan Artikel ini menggunakan sistem literature review dengan menggunakan PICO. Artikel ini didapatkan dari penelusuran data base online Microsoft Academic dan Scilit dengan kriteria insklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditentukan. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam literature review adalah Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Hasil analisis literature review dari ke 5 artikel ini didapatkan bahwa hasil penurunan nyeri dari hasil pre test 6,13 dan post test 2,37. Jadi ada penurunan nyeri setelah dilakukan Muscle Energy Technique (MET). Muscle Energy Technique (MET) berpengaruh terhadap penurunan nyeri pada kasus Neck pain. Diharapkan Penelitian ini hendaknya dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan terhadap penanganan penurunan nyeri pada kasus Neck pain setelah dilakukan Muscle Energy Technique (MET).Kata Kunci: Neck pain; muscle energy technique (MET);visual analogue scale (VAS).

REPTOR/CREBRF encode key regulators of muscle energy metabolism

Metabolic flexibility of muscle tissue describes the capacity to use glucose or lipids as energy substrates and its disruption is associated with metabolic dysfunction. Cancer-induced cachexia is a metabolic syndrome linked with muscle wasting, changes in muscle energy metabolism and lower life expectancy in cancer patients. The molecular mechanisms driving metabolic changes in muscle, however, are poorly characterized. Here, using a Drosophila model of systemic metabolic dysfunction triggered by yorkie-induced gut tumors, we identify the transcription factor REPTOR as a key regulator of energy metabolism in muscle. We show that REPTOR is upregulated in muscles of adult flies with gut yorkie-tumors, where it is necessary to modulate glucose metabolism. REPTOR expression in muscles is induced by ImpL2, a tumor-derived insulin binding protein that reduces systemic insulin signaling, or by nutritional restriction. Further, in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that high activity of REPTOR is sufficient to increase glucose content, transcriptionally repress phosphofructokinase and increase mitochondrial respiration. Consistent with the fly studies, higher levels of CREBRF, the mammalian ortholog of REPTOR, reduce glycolysis in mouse myotubes while promoting an oxidative phenotype. Altogether, our results implicate REPTOR/CREBRF as key regulators of muscle metabolism and metabolic flexibility that share a conserved function as repressors of glycolysis and promoters of oxidative phosphorylation.

Effect of Muscle Energy Technique in Patient with Chronic Neck Pain- A Case Report

Introduction: Chronic neck pain might lead to a change in muscle tissue fibres. Neck discomfort is a serious and prevalent sickness. It is common in the general population, and it frequently results in severe impairment. These alterations have an impact on the cervical spine's capacity to govern 3-D movement efficiently. A range of manual therapy approaches are available to assist relieve pain and impairment while also cervical spine range of motion enhancement and everyday mobility. More evidence for Muscle Energy Technique (MET) in treating such a condition was found. This case report describes muscular energy technique's effect on a patient who has been suffering from neck pain for a long time. Case Presentation: At the previous three months, a 27-year-old female accountant in a hospital with extended periods of sitting while working on a computer presented to our facility with neck pain. Increase in pain with looking up. Discussion: The therapy was well embraced through this patient to muscle energy technique resulting in a high degree of flexibility in the cervical spine, reduce pain and improves flexibility and strength. Conclusion: Physiotherapy has a significant effect Pain, strength, and range of motion are all factors to consider. The findings of this case study indicate that a specific muscle energy technique It's possible that a routine will help to alleviate the problem of neck pain, improves strength and functional ability.

The Effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis

Objective: The objective of study was to find the effectiveness of muscle energy techniques (METs) in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Methodology: Study was conducted in population of Sargodha seeking physiotherapy treatment for adhesive capsulitis in physiotherapy rehabilitation departments and centers. Study was randomized, controlled and multicenter. 50 patients were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into two groups by lottery method of randomization. Group I obtained muscle energy technique. Group II was controlled that obtained conventional treatment in the form of heat and range of motion exercises. Duration of study was 06 month. Interventions were carried out for two weeks (total 10 sessions). A baseline measurement was taken on shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI). A post intervention measurement was taken on same outcome measurements tools and was compared by independent t test. Results: The pre intervention measurements on Shoulder Pain Disability Index were 61.11 in control and 61.18 in METs group. The post intervention measurements on Shoulder Pain Disability Index were 49.33in control and 27.69 in METs group. Conclusion: This study concluded that METs techniques are effective in treatment of adhesive capsulitis to decrease the pain and disability in comparison to control groups.

A Mix of Dietary Fibres Changes Interorgan Nutrients Exchanges and Muscle-Adipose Energy Handling in Overfed Mini-Pigs

This study evaluates the capacity of a bread enriched with fermentable dietary fibres to modulate the metabolism and nutrients handling between tissues, gut and peripheral, in a context of overfeeding. Net fluxes of glucose, lactate, urea, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and amino acids were recorded in control and overfed female mini-pigs supplemented or not with fibre-enriched bread. SCFA in fecal water and gene expressions, but not protein levels or metabolic fluxes, were measured in muscle, adipose tissue, and intestine. Fibre supplementation increased the potential for fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial activity in muscle (acox, ucp2, sdha and cpt1-m, p < 0.05) as well as main regulatory transcription factors of metabolic activity such as pparα, pgc-1α and nrf2. All these features were associated with a reduced muscle fibre cross sectional area, resembling to controls (i.e., lean phenotype). SCFA may be direct inducers of these cross-talk alterations, as their feces content (+52%, p = 0.05) was increased in fibre-supplemented mini-pigs. The SCFA effects could be mediated at the gut level by an increased production of incretins (increased gcg mRNA, p < 0.05) and an up-regulation of SCFA receptors (increased gpr41 mRNA, p < 0.01). Hence, consumption of supplemented bread with fermentable fibres can be an appropriate strategy to activate muscle energy catabolism and limit the establishment of an obese phenotype.