scholarly journals Berries as a Treatment for Obesity-Induced Inflammation: Evidence from Preclinical Models

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Hannah Land Lail ◽  
Rafaela G. Feresin ◽  
Dominique Hicks ◽  
Blakely Stone ◽  
Emily Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Inflammation that accompanies obesity is associated with the infiltration of metabolically active tissues by inflammatory immune cells. This propagates a chronic low-grade inflammation associated with increased signaling of common inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Obesity-associated inflammation is linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Preclinical rodent and cell culture studies provide robust evidence that berries and their bioactive components have beneficial effects not only on inflammation, but also on biomarkers of many of these chronic diseases. Berries contain an abundance of bioactive compounds that have been shown to inhibit inflammation and to reduce reactive oxygen species. Therefore, berries represent an intriguing possibility for the treatment of obesity-induced inflammation and associated comorbidities. This review summarizes the anti-inflammatory properties of blackberries, blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries. This review highlights the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of berries and their bioactive components that have been elucidated through the use of preclinical models. The primary mechanisms mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of berries include a reduction in NF-κB signaling that may be secondary to reduced oxidative stress, a down-regulation of TLR4 signaling, and an increase in Nrf2.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of Quercetin on Inflammation, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Hongmei Jiang ◽  
Xiaosong Wu ◽  
Jun Fang
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

In previous studies, abdominal obesity has been related to total low-grade inflammation and in some cases has resulted in insulin resistance and other metabolism related disorders such as diabetes. Quercetin is a polyphenol, which is a derivative of plants, and has been shownin vitroas well as in a few animal models to have several potential anti-inflammatory as well as anticarcinogenic applications. The substance has also been shown to aid in the attenuation of lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, and capillary permeability. However, further research is called for to gain a better understanding of how quercetin is able to provide these beneficial effects. This manuscript reviewed quercetin’s anti-inflammatory properties in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Amelioration of metabolic syndrome by metformin associates with reduced indices of low-grade inflammation independently of the gut microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (6) ◽  
pp. E1121-E1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneseh Adeshirlarijaney ◽  
Jun Zou ◽  
Hao Q. Tran ◽  
Benoit Chassaing ◽  
Andrew T. Gewirtz
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Agent ◽  
Frontline Treatment ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Metformin beneficially impacts several aspects of metabolic syndrome including dysglycemia, obesity, and liver dysfunction, thus making it a widely used frontline treatment for early-stage type 2 diabetes, which is associated with these disorders. Several mechanisms of action for metformin have been proposed, including that it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, possibly as a result of its impact on intestinal microbiota. In accord with this possibility, we observed herein that, in mice with diet-induced metabolic syndrome, metformin impacts the gut microbiota by preventing its encroachment upon the host, a feature of metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. However, the ability of metformin to beneficially impact metabolic syndrome in mice was not markedly altered by reduction or elimination of gut microbiota, achieved by the use of antibiotics or germfree mice. Although reducing or eliminating microbiota by itself suppressed diet-induced dysglycemia, other features of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hepatic steatosis, and low-grade inflammation remained suppressed by metformin in the presence or absence of gut microbiota. These results support a role for anti-inflammatory activity of metformin, irrespective of gut microbiota, in driving some of the beneficial impacts of this drug on metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Mediating Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Delta-Tocotrienol and Tart Cherry Anthocyanins in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3356
Author(s):  
Lexie Harlan ◽  
London T. Mena ◽  
Latha Ramalingam ◽  
Shasika Jayarathne ◽  
Chwan-Li Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Inflammatory Protein ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a primary characteristic of obesity and can lead to other metabolic complications including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several anti-inflammatory dietary bioactives decrease inflammation that accompanies metabolic diseases. We are specifically interested in delta-tocotrienol, (DT3) an isomer of vitamin E, and tart cherry anthocyanins (TCA), both of which possess individual anti-inflammatory properties. We have previously demonstrated that DT3 and TCA, individually, reduced systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in rodent models of obesity. However, whether these compounds have combinatorial effects has not been determined yet. Hence, we hypothesize that a combined treatment of DT3 and TCA will have great effects in reducing inflammation in adipocytes, and that these effects are mediated via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB), a major inflammatory transcription factor. We used 3T3-L1 adipocytes and treated them with 1–5 µM doses of DT3 along with tart cherry containing 18–36 µg anthocyanin/mL, to assess effects on inflammation. Neither DT3 nor TCA, nor their combinations had toxic effects on adipocytes. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and p-65 (subunit of NFkB) were reduced at the protein level in media collected from adipocytes with both individual and combined treatments. Additionally, other downstream targets of NFkB including macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (Mip2), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) were also significantly downregulated (p ≤ 0.05) when treated with individual and combined doses of DT3 and TCA with no additional combinatorial effects. In summary, DT3 and TCA individually, are beneficial in reducing inflammation with no additional combinatorial effects.

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Klarlund Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is a feature of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise offers protection against all-cause mortality, primarily by protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance and there is evidence that physical training is effective as a treatment in patients with chronic heart diseases and type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise induces anti-inflammatory actions. During exercise, IL-6 (interleukin-6) is produced by muscle fibres. IL-6 stimulates the appearance in the circulation of other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) and IL-10 (interleukin-10) and inhibits the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a (tumour necrosis factor-a). In addition, IL-6 enhances lipid turnover, stimulating lipolysis as well as fat oxidation. It is suggested that regular exercise induces suppression of TNF-a and thereby offers protection against TNF-a-induced insulin resistance. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine, that is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibres, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. Myokines may be involved in mediating the beneficial health effects against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Lifestyle Measures to Reduce Inflammation

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A. Gaesser ◽  
Siddhartha S. Angadi ◽  
Dana M. Ryan ◽  
Carol S. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Chronic low-grade inflammation associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D) may be ameliorated with exercise and/or diet. High levels of physical activity and/or cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with reduced risk of low-grade inflammation. Both aerobic and resistance exercise have been found to improve inflammatory status, with the majority of evidence suggesting that aerobic exercise may have broader anti-inflammatory effects. In particular, aerobic exercise appears to improve the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Improvement in inflammatory status is most likely to occur in persons with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory markers prior to intervention. A number of dietary factors, including fiber-rich foods, whole grains, fruits (especially berries), omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins (eg, C and E), and certain trace minerals (eg, zinc) have been documented to reduce blood concentrations of inflammatory markers. Anti-inflammatory foods may also help mitigate the pro-inflammatory postprandial state that is particularly evident after ingestion of meals high in saturated fat. Intensive lifestyle interventions involving both exercise and diet appear to be most effective. For the most part, anti-inflammatory effects of exercise and diet are independent of weight loss. Thus overweight and obese men and women, who are most likely to have a pro-inflammatory profile, do not necessarily have to normalize body mass index to improve inflammatory status and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Novel Insight into the Mechanism of Metabolic Surgery Causing the Diversity in Glycemic Status in Type 2 Diabetes

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengxiao Zhou ◽  
Lijuan Wang ◽  
Lujin Zhou ◽  
Xiaotong Chang ◽  
Xiaobo Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Surgery ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Glycemic Status ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
Significant Amelioration ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMetabolic surgery results in diverse glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including hyperglycemia without remission, significant amelioration of hyperglycemia with partial remission, complete restoration of euglycemia, or with prolonged remission, hyperglycemia recurrence in relapses after remission, or post-bariatric hypoglycemia. Unfortunately, it is not known how metabolic surgery leads to this diverse consequence. Here, we discuss the diversity of glycemic status associated with metabolic surgery and the potential mechanisms of T2D remission. We also highlight the relationship between the change in low-grade inflammation and T2D remission after metabolic surgery. We hypothesize that the level of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines controls the efficacy of metabolic surgery in patients with T2D. This hypothesis may provide further insight into the mechanism of the beneficial effects of metabolic surgery patients with T2D.

scholarly journals The anti-inflammatory function of HDL is impaired in type 2 diabetes: role of hyperglycemia, paraoxonase-1 and low grade inflammation

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanam Ebtehaj ◽  
Eke G. Gruppen ◽  
Mojtaba Parvizi ◽  
Uwe J. F. Tietge ◽  
Robin P. F. Dullaart
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

scholarly journals Impact of Diabetes in Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abu-Farha ◽  
Fahd Al-Mulla ◽  
Thangavel Alphonse Thanaraj ◽  
Sina Kavalakatt ◽  
Hamad Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2), known as a highly contagious disease, currently affecting more than 200 countries worldwide. The main feature of SARS-CoV-2 that distinguishes it from other viruses is the speed of transmission combined with higher risk of mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). People with diabetes mellitus (DM), severe obesity, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension are more likely to get infected and are at a higher risk of mortality from COVID-19. Among elderly patients who are at higher risk of death from COVID-19, 26.8% have DM. Although the reasons for this increased risk are yet to be determined, several factors may contribute to type-2 DM patients’ increased susceptibility to infections. A possible factor that may play a role in increasing the risk in people affected by diabetes and/or obesity is the impaired innate and adaptive immune response, characterized by a state of chronic and low-grade inflammation that can lead to abrupt systemic metabolic alteration. SARS patients previously diagnosed with diabetes or hyperglycemia had higher mortality and morbidity rates when compared with patients who were under metabolic control. Similarly, obese individuals are at higher risk of developing complications from SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we will explore the current and evolving insights pertinent to the metabolic impact of coronavirus infections with special attention to the main pathways and mechanisms that are linked to the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes.

scholarly journals Functional Food Targeting the Regulation of Obesity-Induced Inflammatory Responses and Pathologies

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shizuka Hirai ◽  
Nobuyuki Takahashi ◽  
Tsuyoshi Goto ◽  
Shan Lin ◽  
Taku Uemura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Obesity is associated with a low-grade systemic chronic inflammatory state, characterized by the abnormal production of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines. It has been found that immune cells such as macrophages can infiltrate adipose tissue and are responsible for the majority of inflammatory cytokine production. Obesity-induced inflammation is considered a potential mechanism linking obesity to its related pathologies, such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes, and some immune disorders. Therefore, targeting obesity-related inflammatory components may be a useful strategy to prevent or ameliorate the development of such obesity-related diseases. It has been shown that several food components can modulate inflammatory responses in adipose tissue via various mechanisms, some of which are dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ), whereas others are independent on PPARγ, by attenuating signals of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and/or c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). In this review, we introduce the beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals that can help prevent obesity-induced inflammatory responses and pathologies.

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