Combined Effects of Exercise and Phytoanabolic Extracts in Castrated Male and Female Mice

Dry extracts from the Eurasian plants, Ajuga turkestanica, Eurycoma longifolia, and Urtica dioica have been used as anabolic supplements, despite the limited scientific data on these effects. To assess their actions on early sarcopenia signs, male and female castrated mice were supplemented with lyophilized extracts of the three plants, isolated or in association (named TLU), and submitted to resistance exercise. Ovariectomy (OVX) led to body weight increase and non-high-density cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol elevation, which had been restored by exercise plus U. dioica extract, or by exercise and TLU, respectively. Orchiectomy (ORX) caused skeletal muscle weight loss, accompanied by increased adiposity, being the latter parameter reduced by exercise plus E. longifolia or U. dioica extracts. General physical activity was improved by exercise plus herbal extracts in either OVX or ORX animals. Exercise combined with TLU improved resistance to fatigue in OVX animals, though A. turkestanica enhanced the grip strength in ORX mice. E. longifolia or TLU also reduced the ladder climbing time in ORX mice. Resistance exercise plus herbal extracts partly altered gastrocnemius fiber size frequencies in OVX or ORX mice. We provide novel data that tested ergogenic extracts, when combined with resistance exercise, improved early sarcopenia alterations in castrated male and female mice.

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Fiber number, area, and composition of mouse soleus muscle following enlargement

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.619 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 619-624 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

B. F. Timson ◽

B. K. Bowlin ◽

G. A. Dudenhoeffer ◽

J. B. George

Keyword(s):

Muscle Fiber ◽

Soleus Muscle ◽

Histological Section ◽

Type I ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Mice ◽

Fiber Area ◽

Fiber Number

Muscle fiber number, cross-sectional area, and composition were studied in response to enlargement produced by synergistic ablation in the mouse soleus muscle. The effect of the location of a histological section on the number of fibers that appear in the section was also studied using the mouse soleus muscle. Enlargement was produced in the soleus muscle of 15 male and 15 female mice by ablation of the ipsilateral gastrocnemius muscle. Fiber counts, using the nitric acid digestion method, revealed no difference between control and enlarged muscles in male and female mice. Mean fiber area, determined by planimetry, was 49.1 and 34.5% greater following enlargement in male and female mice, respectively. Increase in muscle weight could be totally accounted for by the increase in fiber area following enlargement. A transformation of type II to type I fibers occurred following enlargement for both sexes. Counts of fibers from histological sections revealed that there was a progressive decrease in the fiber number as the section was moved from the belly to the distal end of the muscle. The results of these studies indicate that muscle enlargement in the mouse soleus muscle is due to hypertrophy of the existing muscle fibers.

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Gonad-related factors promote muscle performance gain during postnatal development in male and female mice

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 313 (1) ◽

pp. E12-E25 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Vanessa Ueberschlag-Pitiot ◽

Amalia Stantzou ◽

Julien Messéant ◽

Megane Lemaitre ◽

Daniel J. Owens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Postnatal Development ◽

Muscle Fiber ◽

Muscle Performance ◽

Performance Gain ◽

Related Factors ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Mice ◽

Muscle Contractile

To better define the role of male and female gonad-related factors (MGRF, presumably testosterone, and FGRF, presumably estradiol, respectively) on mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle contractile performance/function gain during postnatal development, we analyzed the effect of castration initiated before puberty in male and female mice. We found that muscle absolute and specific (normalized to muscle weight) maximal forces were decreased in 6-mo-old male and female castrated mice compared with age- and sex-matched intact mice, without alteration in neuromuscular transmission. Moreover, castration decreased absolute and specific maximal powers, another important aspect of muscle performance, in 6-mo-old males, but not in females. Absolute maximal force was similarly reduced by castration in 3-mo-old muscle fiber androgen receptor (AR)-deficient and wild-type male mice, indicating that the effect of MGRF was muscle fiber AR independent. Castration reduced the muscle weight gain in 3-mo mice of both sexes and in 6-mo females but not in males. We also found that bone morphogenetic protein signaling through Smad1/5/9 was not altered by castration in atrophic muscle of 3-mo-old mice of both sexes. Moreover, castration decreased the sexual dimorphism regarding muscle performance. Together, these results demonstrated that in the long term, MGRF and FGRF promote muscle performance gain in mice during postnatal development, independently of muscle growth in males, largely via improving muscle contractile quality (force and power normalized), and that MGFR and FGRF also contribute to sexual dimorphism. However, the mechanisms underlying MGFR and FGRF actions remain to be determined.

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Loss of Interleukin (IL)-10 Is Associated With Increased Vascular Inflammation and Sex-Differences in Metabolic Outcomes of Normal Diet-Fed Mice

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab061_001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1117-1117

Author(s):

Sanmi Alake ◽

Babajide Ojo ◽

Amritpal Kaur ◽

Evan Hermann ◽

John Ice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fasting Glucose ◽

Control Diet ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Strain Effect ◽

Delayed Response ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Mice ◽

Macrophage Marker

Abstract Objectives The anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, plays an important role in reducing the risk of many inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the time and sex effects of IL-10 gene deletion on metabolic risk factors that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Methods Six-wk-old male and female B6.129P2-Il10tm1Cgn/J (IL-10−/−) and C57BL/6 (WT) mice (n = 12–16/group) were randomly assigned to 12- or 24-wk time points and were fed growth (AIN-93G) diet up to 3 m of age and then maintenance diet (AIN-93M) for the remainder of the study. Monthly fasting glucose was assessed as well as intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT), body composition, and serum metabolic parameters at each study end point. Cardiac and vascular adhesion molecules, macrophage marker F4/80, and sterol metabolism genes were assessed using qPCR. Data were analyzed using t-test and 2-way ANOVA with strain and gender as factors, and α = 0.05. Results IL-10 deletion resulted in weight loss (p < 0.05) coinciding with reduced fat mass and % fat (P < 0.05) in both sexes of IL-10−/−. Loss of IL-10 had no effect on fasting glucose at any time point in either sex; however, a delayed response to glucose challenge and increased AUC with the ipGTT (P < 0.05) occurred in male IL-10−/− vs WT mice. No strain effect was observed on serum lipids at 12 wks, but cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C were reduced (P < 0.05) in IL-10−/− vs WT mice at 24 wks. Only male IL-10−/− mice exhibited elevated (P < 0.05) non-HDL cholesterol and tended (P = 0.072) to have elevated triglycerides vs WT mice at 24 wks. In conjunction with serum lipid changes, male IL-10−/− mice increased (P < 0.05) hepatic transcription of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), whereas HMGCoA transcript tended to be repressed (≥ −53.5%; P = 0.08) in female IL-10−/− vs WT mice. At 12 and 24 wks, IL-10−/− exhibited increased (P < 0.05) circulating c-reactive protein and aortic and cardiac gene expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and iNOS. The only increase in the F4/80 macrophage marker occurred in male IL-10−/− mice vs WT at 24 wks. Conclusions Loss of IL-10 was associated with different metabolic responses in male and female mice and could be detrimental to cholesterol-mediated metabolic processes in female mice on a control diet. Funding Sources Oklahoma Agriculture Experiment Station and the Jim and Lynn Williams Professorship.

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