Effect of Spraying with Water Hyacinth and Silverleaf Extractson Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

A field experiment was carried out in one of the special fields Al-Jazirah - Al-Budhiyab located at latitude 38.28° north and longitude 43.19° east, to find out the effect of different concentrations of the extract of the Water hyacinth and silverleaf plants in three varieties of sun flower. The experiment was applied using a split-plate arrangement within an RCBD design with three replications. The main plots were represented by the varieties Ishaqi, Sakha, and Iqmar, and the sub plots included the spray concentrations 0, 5, 15 and 25 mg L-1. The results showed that the Iqmar variety was superior in plant height (179.73 cm) in the spring season, and the cultivar Ishaqi (175.50 cm) in the fall season. The variety also outperforms generously in leaf area (307.4 cm2) in the fall season. As for the extracts, the water hyacinth outperformed the plant height (177.74 and 175.11 cm) in both seasons, respectively. And in the stem diameter (20.45 mm) in the spring season and in the dry weight of the weeds (0.045 and 0.053 g m2) in both seasons respectively. While silverleaf herb extract exceeded the leaf area (213.9 and 271.1 cm2) in both seasons sequentially and the stem diameter (20.86 mm) in the fall season, the silverleaf herb extract reduced the dry weight of the weeds (0.032 and 0.043 g m2) in both seasons respectively. He increased the weight of 1000 seeds (59.25 and 67.20 grams) in both seasons and the total yield (3.26 ton ha-1) in the fall season. The 15 mg L-1 concentration also increased plant height (180.02 cm) and leaf area (208.9 cm2) in the spring season, disc diameter (22.39 cm) in the fall season and the number of seeds (924 seeds per disc-1). While the concentration increased plant height (176.19 cm) and leaf area (276.8 cm2) in the fall season. The concentration outperformed 5 mg L-1 in stem diameter (19.65 and 20.32 mm) in both seasons and increased the weight of 1000 seeds (59.57 and 67.94 g) in both seasons sequentially and the overall yield (4.35 and 3.18 ton ha-1) in both seasons. Sequentially. We conclude that there is a fluctuation in the behavior of the same crop varieties due to the overlap of study factors and in different directions, so it is recommended to individualize the factors in their influence on the varieties to know the behavior of those varieties more accurately.

Morphological characteristics and flavonoid accumulation of Echinacea purpurea cultivated at various salinity

Choirunnisa JP, Widiyastuti Y, Sakya AT, Yunus A. 2021. Morphological characteristics and flavonoid accumulation of Echinacea purpurea cultivated at various salinity. Biodiversitas 22: 3716-3721. Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is an introduced medicinal plant from North America. E. purpurea has high morphological characteristics on stems, leaves and flowers. This plant has not much cultivated as a raw material for traditional medicine in Indonesia due to not much information about flavonoid accumulation of E. purpurea in this country. The purpose of this research was to study morphological characteristics from three accessions of E. purpurea cultivated with various salinity and to select E. purpurea accessions that have high flavonoid accumulation. This study design using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is 3 accessions of E. purpurea (E1; E2; E3). The second factor is 4 levels of CaCl2 (0 ppm; 2500 ppm; 5000 ppm; 10000 ppm). The study was conducted by observing the morphological characteristics of stems, leaves flowers, and herb extract and flavonoid accumulation were analyzed using SPSS. The results demonstrated that morphological characteristics are easy to observed on leaf shape and flower color. The highest herb extract with 10.043% and flavonoid accumulation with 0.510% were in accession 2 with the addition of CaCl2 concentration of 10000 ppm. This study concludes that there are morphological characteristics of E. purpurea cultivated at various salinity and the highest CaCl2 concentration can increase with significance to herb extract and flavonoid accumulation.

The Health Risk Assessment of Essential Elemental Impurities (Cu, Mn and Zn) Through the Dermal Exposure of Herbal Ointment Extracted from Marjoram Herb (Majoranae herbae extractum)

Essential elements like Cu, Mn and Zn are extremely important for herbs’ growth and physiological functions; however, from a toxicological point of view, the exposure of these elements (as essential elemental impurities) can exhibit potential harmful effects for patients. In Europe, very popular are ointments with Marjoram herb extract (Majoranae herbae extractum) as herbal medicinal products for adjunctively in rhinitis (runny nose). Based on posology of ointments with Marjoram herb extract, the exposure to these elemental impurities may be high during long-term use. Hence, the aim of this article is the health risk assessment of essential elemental impurities (Cu, Mn and Zn) through the dermal exposure of ointments with Marjoram herb extract (Majoranae herbae extractum) as herbal medicinal products applied adjunctively in rhinitis available in Polish pharmacies. The investigated essential elements were determined by well-validated methodology (R > 0.997, recoveries, LOD and LOQ values were acceptable) based on flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Our results indicated that all analysed herbal medicinal products with Marjoram herb extract available in Polish pharmacies contain relatively low levels of essential element impurities, i.e. Cu (0.14–0.49 mg/kg), Mn (0.31–2.57 mg/kg) and Zn (0.73–3.19 mg/kg). The estimated exposure of the investigated elemental impurities confirms the safety of all products. To the best of our knowledge, the study about Cu, Mn and Zn contents in HMPs with Majoranae herbae extractum is described for the first time. The applied methodology and results are extremely important from regulatory toxicology point of view due to ICH Q3D elemental impurity guideline for pharmaceuticals.

The Toxicological Risk Assessment of Dermal Exposure of Patients Exposed to Nickel and Chromium due to Application of Ointments with Marjoram Herb Extract (Majoranae Herbae Extractum) Available in Polish Pharmacies

For elemental impurities that have been studied for transcutaneous absorption, the available data are rarely suitable for proper toxicological risk assessment — there are multiple factors that can influence this dermal absorption. Hence, in our studies, we applied generic and conservative approach — cutaneous permitted daily exposure (CPDE) described in International Conference on Harmonisation’s Q3D Guideline on Elemental Impurities (ICH Q3D). The aim of this article is toxicological risk assessment (TRA) of dermal exposure of patients exposed to nickel and chromium due to application of ointments with Marjoram herb extract (Majoranae herbae extractum) available in Polish pharmacies (n = 5, because only five manufacturers produce this kind of pharmaceutical products in Poland). To make the appropriate TRA approach, we considered (1) raw results (metal per kg of ointment), (2) one-time administration of applied ointments, and (3) daily exposure versus CPDE. Due to the fact the concentrations of Ni generally present in cutaneous products as impurities are not considered sufficient to induce sensitization, the cutaneous and transcutaneous concentration limits (CTCLs) approach was applied for this element assessment. The toxicological analysis was carried out using microwave-assisted wet digestion with concentrated nitric acid and electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. Our results show that the ointments with Marjoram herb extract from pharmacies in Poland represent a potential health hazard to patients; however, there may be a requirement for the monitoring of impurities of nickel in future. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first study about nickel and chromium content in ointments with Marjoram herb extract (Majoranae herbae extractum).

Anticancer, Anticollagenase and in Silico Docking Studies of Anethum sowa L. Herb Oil against HCT 116 Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line

Aim: Anethum sowa L. isan aromatic plant with pharmacological potential. The chemical composition and the therapeutic of Anethum sowa L. herb oil grown in South Karnataka is very few; moreover, its essential oil and extract together is not being studied and compared for its effects on colon cancer cell lines HCT -116 and anti collagense study . Methods: The current investigation was intended to sight see the incidence of components present in the herb oil examined by (GC-MS), antioxidant , antimicrobial , anticancer & anticollagenase potential was investigated and further the insilco docking studies to unleash the potential drug like molecules in the therapeutic plant was studied . Results: 5-Oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine-3-propionic acid methyl ester, (17.41%),beta-Amyrin(8.20),ritodrine(6.49),1-Naphthalenol,decahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(methylethylidene)-,[1R-(1.alpha.4a.beta,8a.alpha)](2.39%),meta-Cymene(1.95%),trans-z-alpha-Bisabolene epoxide (1.80), and Viridiflorol(0.77%) were the new compounds isolated from this therapeutic plant, and Anethum sowa L. herb ethanolic extract contained many potential phytochemicals. The total phenol and flavonoid of the herb extract were 0.136mg/ml. and 0.108mg/ml respectively . Anethum sowa L. herb extract ABTS antioxidant assay showed excellent activity with an IC50 of 540µg/ml which was in power with gallic acid which showed an IC 50 of 393µg/ml. Essential oil of Anethum sowa L. herb exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against all the three microorganisms E-coli strain (MTCC 433), Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (MTCC 3384) Streptococcusmutants strain (MTCC 497) with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 20% herb oil . Cytotoxicity of Anethum sowa L.herb essential oil and ethanolic extract against Colon cancer cell lines – HCT -116 , showed that herb oil and herb ethanolic extract repressed the cell growth of the cell . Herb oil with an IC50 79.75µg/ml was more effective than the herb extract . Herb essential oil showed the maximum capacity in inhibiting the collagenase when compared to ethanolic extract of herb, the percentage of inhibition of Anethum sowa L. herb essential oil was found to be 60.89% and that of herb extract was (15.18%). Conclusion: Herb oil showed very good anticancer, antimicrobial and anticollagenase activity and by the In silico docking performed between the compounds present in the herb oil, MAI-150 and APC of Homo sapiens, it was found that lupeol showed the highest binding affinity with APC when compared with MAI-150 and rest other compounds present in the herb oil.