scholarly journals Shuni Virus Replicates at the Maternal-Fetal Interface of the Ovine and Human Placenta

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Judith Oymans ◽  
Lucien van Keulen ◽  
Guus M. Vermeulen ◽  
Paul J. Wichgers Schreur ◽  
Jeroen Kortekaas
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Ovine Placenta ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Maternal Fetal Interface

Shuni virus (SHUV) is a neglected teratogenic and neurotropic orthobunyavirus that was discovered in the 1960s in Nigeria and was subsequently detected in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Israel. The virus was isolated from field-collected biting midges and mosquitoes and shown to disseminate efficiently in laboratory-reared biting midges, suggesting that members of the families Culicidae and Ceratopogonidae may function as vectors. SHUV infections have been associated with severe neurological disease in horses, a variety of wildlife species, and domesticated ruminants. SHUV infection of ruminants is additionally associated with abortion, stillbirth, and congenital malformations. The detection of antibodies in human sera also suggests that the virus may have zoonotic potential. To understand how SHUV crosses the ruminant placenta, we here infected pregnant ewes and subsequently performed detailed clinical- and histopathological examination of placental tissue. We found that SHUV targets both maternal epithelial cells and fetal trophoblasts, that together form the maternal-fetal interface of the ovine placenta. Experiments with human placental explants, furthermore, revealed replication of SHUV in syncytiotrophoblasts, which are generally highly resistant to virus infections. Our findings provide novel insights into vertical transmission of SHUV in sheep and call for research on the potential risk of SHUV infection during human pregnancies.

Clinical, MRI, and Histopathological Features of Hypothalamic Neuronal Hamartoma in a Young Vizsla

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bibbiani ◽  
Sara Canal ◽  
Daiana Marabese ◽  
Maria T. Mandara ◽  
Greta Foiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Middle Cranial Fossa ◽  
Clinical Imaging ◽  
First Report ◽  
Histopathological Features ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clinical Mri

ABSTRACT Human hypothalamic neuronal hamartomas are rare, nonprogressive, congenital malformations of the hypothalamus that do not expand or metastasize to other locations. A 1 yr old female vizsla was presented for progressive intracranial multifocal neurological signs already present since adoption at 3 mo of age. MRI of the brain showed an ill-defined, intra-axial, space-occupying, nonenhancing lesion located in the ventral middle cranial fossa. Histopathological examination was consistent with hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma. This is the first report describing clinical, imaging, and histopathological features of a hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma in a dog. These findings are compared with the human counterparts.

Developmental effects of chronic maternal audiovisual stress on the rat fetus

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
William F. Geber
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Rat Fetus ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Constant Source

A wide spectrum of agents and conditions has been imposed on the maternal organism in an effort to learn more about possible factors in the development of congenital malformations (Courrier & Marois, 1954; Ferm & Kilham, 1965; Fraser, Walker & Trasler, 1957; Gillman, Gilbert & Gillman, 1948; Grabowski, 1963; Ingalls, Curley & Prindle, 1952; Kalter & Warkany, 1959; Russell, 1950; Sikov & Noonan, 1958; Tuchmann-Duplessis & Mercier-Parot, 1960). The contribution of the genetic make-up of the organisms has received intensive study, as have the effects of nutritional deficiencies, drugs, irradiation, anoxia, trauma and virus infections. In the author's opinion, the most obvious and constant source of potential danger to the developing fetus, the maternal organism itself, has received relatively little experimental attention, although a number of investigators have indicated that various types of maternal stress may contribute to the production of abnormal behavior, metabolism and growth patterns of the progeny (Calhoun, 1962; Grollman & Grollman, 1962; Harris & Harris, 1946; Ibsen, 1928; Konstantinova, 1961; Malpas, 1937; Sontag, 1941; Spelt, 1948; Stott, 1961; Zondek & Tamari, 1960).

scholarly journals Standardization of Immunoglobulin M Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Routine Diagnosis of Arboviral Infections

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1823-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise A. Martin ◽  
David A. Muth ◽  
Teresa Brown ◽  
Alison J. Johnson ◽  
Nick Karabatsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Family ◽  
Serum Dilution ◽  
Routine Diagnosis ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Antiviral Antibody ◽  
Antibody Capture

Immunoglobulin M antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) is a rapid and versatile diagnostic method that readily permits the combination of multiple assays. Test consolidation is especially important for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) which belong to at least three virus families: the Togaviridae,Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae. Using prototype viruses from each of these families and a panel of well-characterized human sera, we have evaluated and standardized a combined MAC-ELISA capable of identifying virus infections caused by members of each virus family. Furthermore, by grouping antigens geographically and utilizing known serological cross-reactivities, we have reduced the number of antigens necessary for testing, while maintaining adequate detection sensitivity. We have determined that a 1:400 serum dilution is most appropriate for screening antiviral antibody, using a positive-to-negative ratio of ≥2.0 as a positive cutoff value. With a blind-coded human serum panel, this combined MAC-ELISA was shown to have test sensitivity and specificity that correlated well with those of other serological techniques.

scholarly journals Placental Pathology in a COVID-19 Positive Patient with Abruptio Placentae- A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishtha Jaiswal ◽  
Reena Yadav ◽  
Prerna Tayal ◽  
Lalita Jyotsna Prakhya
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Maternal Outcome ◽  
Placental Pathology ◽  
Fibrin Deposition ◽  
Abruptio Placentae

The effects of Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the placental tissue are still being explored. Whether these placental changes result in adverse foeto-maternal outcome is an aspect that needs to be understood. This is a report of 32-year-old pregnant woman who presented with Antepartum Haemorrhage (APH) and decreased foetal movements. She was also diagnosed to be positive for the SARS-CoV-2. The patient had abruptio placentae unrelated to pre-eclampsia. On histopathological examination, the umbilical cord showed funisitis with increased perivillous fibrin deposition on section from foetal and maternal surface of the placenta. Though the foetus was stillborn, with timely management the maternal outcome was not compromised.

scholarly journals Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: II. Arthropod-borne virus infections

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Maguire ◽  
F. N. Macnamara ◽  
J. A. R. Miles ◽  
G. F. S. Spears ◽  
J. U. Mataika
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
High Risk Area ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

SUMMARYSurveys of arbovirus activity in Fiji were conducted over a 10-year period from December 1959 to December 1969. No arboviruses were isolated from over 200,000 mosquitoes, 9000 ticks, or 575 serum samples. Eight thousand human and 1117 bird, bat and animal sera were tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting arbovirus antibody using a variety of group A, group B and Bunyamwera group antigens. Only a small number of low-titre reactions were found among the non-human sera, but 14% of all human sera were found to contain Group B antibody. The antibody prevalence increased with increasing age, from less than 1 % for persons born since 1950, to 70% for persons born before 1900. The age differences in prevalence could be used to estimate the time and size of previous epidemics. Differences were found in antibody prevalence between the sexes, between ethnic groups and between persons from different regions. These differences could be explained in terms of climate, location and custom.Historical and serological evidence both suggest that all the antibody detected was due to past exposure to dengue virus. The very high proportion of the population with no dengue antibody makes Fiji a high-risk area for a further dengue epidemic. Dengue virus is known to be active in the Pacific and South-East Asia.

scholarly journals Microscopy-based assay for semi-quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human sera

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin Pape ◽  
Roman Remme ◽  
Adrian Wolny ◽  
Sylvia Olberg ◽  
Steffen Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automated Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Analysis Workflow ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
Public Health Strategies

AbstractEmergence of the novel pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its rapid pandemic spread presents numerous questions and challenges that demand immediate attention. Among these is the urgent need for a better understanding of humoral immune response against the virus as a basis for developing public health strategies to control viral spread. For this, sensitive, specific and quantitative serological assays are required. Here we describe the development of a semi-quantitative high-content microscopy-based assay for detection of three major classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human samples. The possibility to detect antibodies against the entire viral proteome together with a robust semi-automated image analysis workflow resulted in specific, sensitive and unbiased assay which complements the portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. The procedure described here has been used for clinical studies and provides a general framework for the application of quantitative high-throughput microscopy to rapidly develop serological assays for emerging virus infections.

scholarly journals Placental Polyp : A Rare Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
Most Sabina Yeasmin ◽  
Nishat Anjum Nourin ◽  
Tahera Begum ◽  
Farah Naz Mabud ◽  
Farjana Ahmed Surovi
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Rare Entity ◽  
Definite Diagnosis ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
One Year

Placental polyp is the retained fragment of placental tissue which presents as a polypoidal or pedunculated mass within the uterus. It is a rare entity and has an incidence of less than 0.25 % of all pregnancies. There are also very few reported cases of the clinical placental polyp. Here,we report a case of 22-year-old P1 woman presenting with vaginal bleeding and something coming down into vagina.Her last pregnancy had occurred one year ago.Laboratory investigation revealed slightly elevated serum b-hCG. Ultrasonography revealed thick endometrium, broad cervix (5.2cm) and a hyperechoic mass within the cervix. Extraction of the placental polyp followed by endometrial curettage were done and tissue sent for histopathology. Definite diagnosis was made by histopathological examination and which was a placental polyp. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.20 (2); July 2021; Page 85-88

scholarly journals Influenza A neuraminidase antibodies in children and young adults studied by serum absorption

1977 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Callow ◽  
A. S. Beare
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Antigenic Shift ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Relative Rarity ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Antigenic Relationships

SUMMARYA study is described of influenza A anti-neuraminidase antibodies in the sera of young people of three different age groups. Each serum was individually absorbed with viruses containing the N2 neuraminidases of 1957, 1968 and 1972. Rabbit antisera prepared against the viruses were similarly absorbed. Results obtained with the animal sera suggested that these neuraminidases were antigenically distinct, but the human sera had a broader range of anti-neuraminidase activity and gave indication of asymmetric antigenic relationships. Earlier workers who surveyed anti-haemagglutinin antibodies reported that the virus of primary infection absorbed all antibodies, and the virus of secondary infection only those directed against itself. We too found that the virus of secondary infection absorbed only homologous anti-neuraminidase antibody. However, although the primary infecting virus did absorb some secondary antibody, this absorption was incomplete and it lessened with the lengthening of the time interval between the primary and secondary infecting viruses. A similar pattern was seen with anti-haemagglutinin antibodies.Absorption of anti-neuraminidase antibodies from human sera proved much more difficult than absorption of anti-haemagglutinin antibodies particularly after repeated influenza virus infections. The relative rarity of antigenic shift in the neuraminidase subunit also creates problems in the interpretation of results of serum neuraminidase antibody surveys.

scholarly journals Middle-aged individuals may be in a perpetual state of H3N2 influenza virus susceptibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Gouma ◽  
Kangchon Kim ◽  
Madison E. Weirick ◽  
Megan E. Gumina ◽  
Angela Branche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Viral Susceptibility ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
H3n2 Influenza ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Influenza virus exposures in childhood can establish long-lived memory B cell responses that can be recalled later in life. Here, we complete a large serological survey to elucidate the specificity of antibodies against contemporary H3N2 viruses in differently aged individuals who were likely primed with different H3N2 strains in childhood. We find that most humans who were first infected in childhood with H3N2 viral strains from the 1960s and 1970s possess non-neutralizing antibodies against contemporary 3c2.A H3N2 viruses. We find that 3c2.A H3N2 virus infections boost non-neutralizing H3N2 antibodies in middle-aged individuals, potentially leaving many of them in a perpetual state of 3c2.A H3N2 viral susceptibility.

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