scholarly journals Sylvatic Canine Morbillivirus in Captive Panthera Highlights Viral Promiscuity and the Need for Better Prevention Strategies

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
Mainity Batista Batista Linhares ◽  
Herbert E. Whiteley ◽  
Jonathan P. Samuelson ◽  
Shih Hsuan Hsiao ◽  
Adam W. Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Primary Lesion ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
Viral Hemagglutinin ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rescue Center

Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a multi-host morbillivirus that infects virtually all Carnivora and a few non-human primates. Here we describe a CDV outbreak in an exotic felid rescue center that led to the death of eight felids in the genus Panthera. Similar to domestic dogs and in contrast to previously described CDV cases in Panthera, severe pneumonia was the primary lesion and no viral antigens or CDV-like lesions were detected in the central nervous system. Four tigers succumbed to opportunistic infections. Viral hemagglutinin (H)-gene sequence was up to 99% similar to strains circulating contemporaneously in regional wildlife. CDV lesions in raccoons and skunk were primarily encephalitis. A few affected felids had at least one previous vaccination for CDV, while most felids at the center were vaccinated during the outbreak. Panthera sharing a fence or enclosure with infected conspecifics had significantly higher chances of getting sick or dying, suggesting tiger-tiger spread was more likely than recurrent spillover. Prior vaccination was incomplete and likely not protective. This outbreak highlights the need for further understanding of CDV epidemiology for species conservation and public health.

scholarly journals All That Coughs Is Not Covid-19: A Delayed Diagnosis of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Following SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua C Chen ◽  
Darren Wong ◽  
Sina Rabi ◽  
Scott Worswick ◽  
Brittney DeClerck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Endemic Fungi ◽  
Respiratory Complaints

Abstract Coccidioides immitis (and C. posadasii) are endemic fungi of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Uncomplicated, symptomatic Coccidioides infection most commonly causes a self-limited pneumonia; however, immunocompromised patients can manifest severe pneumonia with an additional risk of dissemination to bone, joints, soft tissues, and in the most severe the cases, the central nervous system. In the year 2020 clinicians are challenged with a previously unseen volume of acute respiratory complaints as a result of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. We present a patient with respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 who experienced prolonged hypoxia and neurologic deterioration, eventually leading to a diagnosis of occult disseminated coccidiomycosis involving meningitis, miliary-pattern pneumonia, and cutaneous lesions.

scholarly journals Genotypical diversity of HIV clades and central nervous system impairment

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 964-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indianara Rotta ◽  
Sérgio Monteiro de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Vacuolar Myelopathy ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system are considered major target organs for HIV infection. The neurological manifestations directly related to HIV are acute viral meningitis, chronic meningitis, HIV associated dementia, vacuolar myelopathy and involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Changes in diagnosis and clinical management have changed the aspect of HIV infection so that it is no longer a fatal disease, and has become a chronic disease requiring sustained medical management. After HAART the incidence of most opportunistic infections, including those affecting the CNS, has dropped markedly. Some studies suggest that neurological involvement of infected patient occur with different frequency, depending on HIV subtype involved in the infection. Subtype C may have reduced neuroinvasive capacity, possibly due to its different primary conformation of HIV transactivating regulatory protein (Tat), involved in monocyte chemotaxis. This review focus on physiopathologic aspects of HIV infection in CNS and its correlation with HIV clades.

Infections of the Central Nervous System

2013 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
Françoise Gray ◽  
Kum Thong Wong ◽  
Francesco Scaravilli ◽  
Leroy R. Sharer
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
System P ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Agent

This chapter describes and illustrates the different lesions observed in CNS infections. A wide variety of pathogenic infectious organisms may affect the CNS. They can be classified as “pathogenic” (causing disease in every individual) or “opportunistic” (affecting only patients with immunodeficiency). Bacteria may cause pyogenic infections or so-called “specific infections,” in which the morphology of the lesions is suggestive of a specific agent. Mycoses and parasitic infections used to be uncommon, restricted to certain countries; however, due to increasing incidence of immunodeficiency conditions and intercontinental travel, they are now more frequently encountered. Viral infections of the CNS cause nonspecific lesions due to immune-mediated reactions or more specific encephalitides. In AIDS, infection by the human immunodeficiency virus causes a unique encephalitis and immunodeficiency with a wide range of secondary opportunistic infections.

scholarly journals Typhoid Fever Complicated with Bowel Perforation in an HIV Patient

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parackrama Karunathilake ◽  
Thilak Jayalath ◽  
Shamali Abeygunawardena ◽  
Udaya Ralapanawa
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Epigastric Pain ◽  
Bowel Perforation ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Full Blood Count

Abstract Background Patients with HIV infection often develop multiple complications and comorbidities, including malignancies and opportunistic infections. The association of HIV infection with typhoid fever remains unclear, though there is a clear risk of typhoid in HIV infected persons. Therefore, the diagnosis of typhoid should be considered in HIV infected individuals, mainly when they present with severe ulcerative diarrhoea. Case Presentation A 38-year-old gentleman presented with fever with significant weight loss and anorexia for eight months. He had worked abroad in a middle east country and had recently returned to Sri Lanka. On examination, he was thinly built with a BMI of 18 kg/m2. The initial full blood count revealed lymphopenia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia. He also had mild hyponatremia. His HIV Ag/Ab combo assay became positive, and he was found to have a low CD4 count. While on antiretroviral therapy, he developed nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea while continuing the preexisting fever followed by severe dyspnoea and epigastric pain and tenderness associated with tachypnoea, tachycardia and hypotension. The urgent chest X-ray revealed gas under the diaphragm. An urgent exploratory laparotomy was done, and he was found to have distal ileal perforation with a typhoid ulcer which was histologically confirmed later. During the postoperative period, the patient developed severe pneumonia, scummed despite all the resuscitation care given. Conclusion Fever in HIV patients could be due to HIV itself, opportunistic infections or malignancies. The diagnosis of typhoid should be considered in HIV infected individuals, mainly when they present with severe ulcerative diarrhoea, constipation or bowel perforation. Salmonella typhi infection in HIV/AIDS patients may cause life-threatening complications, where the case fatality rate of typhoid significantly increase when present concurrently with HIV, and the mortality further increases with delayed diagnosis.

Rift Valley Fever Virus-induced Encephalomyelitis and Hepatitis in Calves

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Rippy ◽  
M. J. Topper ◽  
C. A. Mebus ◽  
J. C. Morrill
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Three calves (Nos. 1, 2 = 7 days old; No. 3 = 21 days old) were inoculated subcutaneously with virulent Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. All calves became viremic and clinically ill, but the two 7-day-old calves were moribund and were euthanatized subsequently on post-inoculation day (PID) 3. Highest viral titers were measured in the serum, with lesser concentrations in the brain, heart, spleen, and liver of these animals. Viral antigens were detected by immunohistochemical analysis only in the livers, where positive staining was localized in coalescing foci of hepatocellular necrosis. The 21-day-old calf appeared to recover after viremia and pyrexia but became lethargic and ataxic and was euthanatized on PID 9. The calf was no longer viremic, and RVF virus was isolated only from the brain. Microscopic examination of the central nervous system revealed diffuse perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes and macrophages, multifocal meningitis, and focal areas of neuronal necrosis and aggregates of macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils throughout all regions of the brain and cervical spinal cord. There was positive immunohistochemical staining for viral antigens within the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells throughout the central nervous system. Thus, RVF virus can cause encephalomyelitis in calves, and the specific virologic diagnosis can be made by immunohistochemical localization of viral antigens in formalin-fixed tissues.

scholarly journals Neurosyphilis with Concomitant Cryptococcal and Tuberculous Meningitis in a Patient with AIDS: Report of a Unique Case

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Armando Gonzales Zamora ◽  
Luis Alberto Espinoza ◽  
Rita N. Nwanyanwu
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Meningitis in individuals living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is most frequently infectious in origin and usually due to opportunistic infections. The most common pathogens are Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Treponema pallidum causes neurosyphilis and can complicate HIV infections at any time after the initial infection. Simultaneous infections of the central nervous system caused by these pathogens are very uncommon even in the setting of severe immunosuppression. We report the case of a newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS young man who was found to have neurosyphilis with Cryptococcus meningitis. After a few weeks of treatment and initiation of antiretroviral therapy, he was also diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis, which was probably unmasked by the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the only case of reported neurosyphilis and meningitis caused concomitantly by Cryptococcus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document