scholarly journals Cellular Organelles Involved in Hepatitis E Virus Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1206
Author(s):  
Xing Liu ◽  
Menghang Wang ◽  
Xin Yin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Organelles

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, infects approximately 20 million individuals annually. HEV can infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, and cause frequent zoonotic spillover, increasingly raising public health concerns. To establish a successful infection, HEV needs to usurp host machineries to accomplish its life cycle from initial attachment to egress. However, relatively little is known about the HEV life cycle, especially the functional role(s) of cellular organelles and their associated proteins at different stages of HEV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the relation of HEV with the different cell organelles during HEV infection. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which HEV infection is precisely regulated in infected cells and the modification of host cell organelles and their associated proteins upon HEV infection.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Virus Assembly and Release

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Ju ◽  
Qiang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virus Assembly ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral ◽  
Direct Acting

Hepatitis E is an underestimated threat to public health, caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). HEV is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in the world, with no available direct-acting antiviral treatment. According to a recent WHO report, 20 million people become infected with HEV annually, resulting in 44,000 deaths. However, due to the scarcity of efficient in vitro cell culture systems for HEV, our knowledge of the life cycle of HEV is incomplete. Recently, significant progress has been made towards gaining a more comprehensive view of the HEV life cycle, as several in vitro culturing systems have been developed in recent years. Here, we review current knowledge and recent advances with regard to the HEV life cycle, with a particular focus on the assembly and release of viral particles. We also discuss the knowledge gaps in HEV assembly and release. Meanwhile, we highlight experimental platforms that could potentially be utilized to fill these gaps. Lastly, we offer perspectives on the future of research into HEV virology and its interaction with host cells.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Virus in Croatia in the “One-Health” Context

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 699
Author(s):  
Anna Mrzljak ◽  
Lorena Jemersic ◽  
Vladimir Savic ◽  
Ivan Balen ◽  
Maja Ilic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
The One ◽  
Foodborne Infection

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis globally. The first human case of autochthonous HEV infection in Croatia was reported in 2012, with the undefined zoonotic transmission of HEV genotype 3. This narrative review comprehensively addresses the current knowledge on the HEV epidemiology in humans and animals in Croatia. Published studies showed the presence of HEV antibodies in different population groups, such as chronic patients, healthcare professionals, voluntary blood donors and professionally exposed and pregnant women. The highest seroprevalence in humans was found in patients on hemodialysis in a study conducted in 2018 (27.9%). Apart from humans, different studies have confirmed the infection in pigs, wild boars and a mouse, indicating the interspecies transmission of HEV due to direct or indirect contact or as a foodborne infection. Continued periodical surveys in humans and animals are needed to identify the possible changes in the epidemiology of HEV infections.

scholarly journals Life cycle and morphogenesis of the hepatitis E virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Himmelsbach ◽  
Daniela Bender ◽  
Eberhard Hildt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E

scholarly journals A Novel Hepe-Like Virus from Farmed Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Dong ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Qingyuan Liu ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Yani Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Giant Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Virus Genomes

The family Hepeviridae includes several positive-stranded RNA viruses, which infect a wide range of mammalian species, chicken, and trout. However, few hepatitis E viruses (HEVs) have been characterized from invertebrates. In this study, a hepevirus, tentatively named Crustacea hepe-like virus 1 (CHEV1), from the economically important crustacean, the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was characterized. The complete genome consisted of 7750 nucleotides and had a similar structure to known hepatitis E virus genomes. Phylogenetic analyses suggested it might be a novel hepe-like virus within the family Hepeviridae. To our knowledge, this is the first hepe-like virus characterized from crustaceans.

scholarly journals Construction and characterization of infectious cDNA clones of a chicken strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV), avian HEV

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 2585-2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. F. Huang ◽  
F. W. Pierson ◽  
T. E. Toth ◽  
X. J. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Avian Hev

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is an important human pathogen. Increasing evidence indicates that hepatitis E is a zoonosis. Avian HEV was recently discovered in chickens with hepatitis–splenomegaly syndrome in the USA. Like swine HEV from pigs, avian HEV is also genetically and antigenically related to human HEV. The objective of this study was to construct and characterize an infectious cDNA clone of avian HEV for future studies of HEV replication and pathogenesis. Three full-length cDNA clones of avian HEV, pT7-aHEV-5, pT7G-aHEV-10 and pT7G-aHEV-6, were constructed and their infectivity was tested by in vitro transfection of leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) chicken liver cells and by direct intrahepatic inoculation of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with capped RNA transcripts from the three clones. The results showed that the capped RNA transcripts from each of the three clones were replication competent when transfected into LMH cells as demonstrated by detection of viral antigens with avian HEV-specific antibodies. SPF chickens intrahepatically inoculated with the capped RNA transcripts from each of the three clones developed active avian HEV infections as evidenced by seroconversion to avian HEV antibodies, viraemia and faecal virus shedding. The infectivity was further confirmed by successful infection of naïve chickens with the viruses recovered from chickens inoculated with the RNA transcripts. The results indicated that all three cDNA clones of avian HEV are infectious both in vitro and in vivo. The availability of these infectious clones for a chicken strain of HEV now affords an opportunity to study the mechanisms of HEV cross-species infection and tissue tropism by constructing chimeric viruses among human, swine and avian HEVs.

scholarly journals von Willebrand factor biosynthesis, secretion, and clearance: connecting the far ends

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 125 (13) ◽  
pp. 2019-2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Lenting ◽  
Olivier D. Christophe ◽  
Cécile V. Denis
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor

Abstract To understand the placement of a certain protein in a physiological system and the pathogenesis of related disorders, it is not only of interest to determine its function but also important to describe the sequential steps in its life cycle, from synthesis to secretion and ultimately its clearance. von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a particularly intriguing case in this regard because of its important auxiliary roles (both intra- and extracellular) that implicate a wide range of other proteins: its presence is required for the formation and regulated release of endothelial storage organelles, the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), whereas VWF is also a key determinant in the clearance of coagulation factor VIII. Thus, understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the VWF life cycle will help us gain insight into the pathogenesis of von Willebrand disease, design alternative treatment options to prolong the factor VIII half-life, and delineate the role of VWF and coresidents of the WPBs in the prothrombotic and proinflammatory response of endothelial cells. In this review, an update on our current knowledge on VWF biosynthesis, secretion, and clearance is provided and we will discuss how they can be affected by the presence of protein defects.

The viral ORF3 protein is required for hepatitis E virus apical release and efficient growth in polarized hepatocytes and humanized mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulce Sari ◽  
Jingting Zhu ◽  
Charuta Ambardekar ◽  
Xin Yin ◽  
Andre Boonstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Humanized Mice ◽  
Hepatocyte Culture ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Orf3 Protein

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an enterically transmitted RNA virus, is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Additionally, HEV genotype (gt) 3 can frequently persist in immunocompromised individuals with an increased risk for developing severe liver disease. Currently, no HEV-specific treatment is available. The viral open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein facilitates HEV egress in vitro and is essential for establishing productive infection in macaques. Thus, ORF3, which is unique to HEV, has the potential to be explored as a target for antiviral therapy. However, significant gaps exist in our understanding of the critical functions of ORF3 in HEV infection in vivo . Here, we utilized a polarized hepatocyte culture model and a human liver chimeric mouse model to dissect the roles of ORF3 in gt3 HEV release and persistent infection. We show that ORF3’s absence substantially decreased HEV replication and virion release from the apical surface but not the basolateral surface of polarized hepatocytes. While the wild-type HEV established a persistent infection in humanized mice, mutant HEV lacking ORF3 (ORF3null) failed to sustain the infection despite transient replication in the liver and was ultimately cleared. Strikingly, mice inoculated with the ORF3null virus displayed no fecal shedding throughout the six-week experiment. Overall, our results demonstrate that ORF3 is required for HEV fecal shedding and persistent infection, providing a rationale for targeting ORF3 as a treatment strategy for HEV infection. Importance HEV infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. HEV gt3 additionally can cause persistent infection which can rapidly progress to liver cirrhosis. Currently, no HEV-specific treatments are available. The poorly understood HEV life cycle hampers the development of antivirals for HEV. Here we investigated the role of the viral ORF3 protein in HEV infection in polarized hepatocyte culture and human liver chimeric mice. We found that two major aspects of the HEV life cycle require ORF3: fecal virus shedding and persistent infection. These results provide a rationale for targeting ORF3 to treat HEV infection.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E rORF2p Stimulated and Unstimulated Peripheral Expression Profiling in Patients with Self-Limiting Hepatitis E Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay B. Rathod ◽  
Anuradha S. Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
T Regulatory Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Regulatory Cells ◽  
Expression Array ◽  
Acute Patients

To improve the current knowledge on the involvement of peripheral lymphocytes in hepatitis E virus (HEV) associated pathogenesis, we analyzed alterations in (1) immunophenotypic expressions (by flow cytometry) and (2) gene expression patterns (by TaqMan Low Density Array) of activatory, inhibitory, integrin, homing, ectonucleotidase machinery, costimulatory, inflammatory markers, and T regulatory cells (Treg) associated cytokines on HEV rORF2p stimulated and unstimulated PBMCs of 43 acute HEV patients, 30 recovered individuals, and 43 controls. The phenotypic expressions of key molecules CTLA-4, GITR, CD103, CD25, CD69, IL10 and TGF-β1in the acute patients and TGF-β1in the recovered individuals were significantly elevated on both unstimulated and stimulated PBMCs. Gene expression array data revealed upregulations of CD25, PD1, CD103, CCR4, IL10, and TGF-β1on both unstimulated and HEV rORF2p stimulated PBMCs of acute patients. The observed upregulations of inhibitory, integrin, activatory, and Treg-associated cytokine genes on the PBMCs of acute HEV patients complemented by their frequency data suggest them as the major players in the fine-tuning of immune response in self-limiting hepatitis E infection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document