scholarly journals Research on Integrated Management for Cattle Fever Ticks and Bovine Babesiosis in the United States and Mexico: Current Status and Opportunities for Binational Coordination

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria D. Esteve-Gasent ◽  
Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas ◽  
Raúl F. Medina ◽  
Dee Ellis ◽  
Andy Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Cattle Fever Ticks ◽  
The U.S

Bovine babesiosis is a reportable transboundary animal disease caused by Babesia bovis and Babesiabigemina in the Americas where these apicomplexan protozoa are transmitted by the invasive cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) annulatus. In countries like Mexico where cattle fever ticks remain endemic, bovine babesiosis is detrimental to cattle health and results in a significant economic cost to the livestock industry. These cattle disease vectors continue to threaten the U.S. cattle industry despite their elimination through efforts of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program. Mexico and the U.S. share a common interest in managing cattle fever ticks through their economically important binational cattle trade. Here, we report the outcomes of a meeting where stakeholders from Mexico and the U.S. representing the livestock and pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies, and research institutions gathered to discuss research and knowledge gaps requiring attention to advance progressive management strategies for bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks. Research recommendations and other actionable activities reflect commitment among meeting participants to seize opportunities for collaborative efforts. Addressing these research gaps is expected to yield scientific knowledge benefitting the interdependent livestock industries of Mexico and the U.S. through its translation into enhanced biosecurity against the economic and animal health impacts of bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks.

scholarly journals Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Larvae Collected From Vegetation in the Coastal Wildlife Corridor of Southern Texas and Research Solutions for Integrated Eradication

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1305-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weste L A Osbrink ◽  
Allan T Showler ◽  
Veronica Abrigo ◽  
Adalberto A Pérez de León
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Wildlife Corridor ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
Cattle Fever Tick ◽  
Cattle Fever Ticks

Abstract The potential for reinvasion of the United States by cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini), which remain established in Mexico, threatens the viability of the domestic livestock industry because these ticks vector the causal agents (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) of bovine babesiosis. The Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program safeguards the health of the national cattle herd preventing the reemergence of bovine babesiosis by keeping the United States free of cattle fever ticks. Here, the collection of free-living southern cattle tick, R. microplus, larvae by sweeping flannel flags over vegetation in the wildlife corridor of Cameron and Willacy Counties, TX, is reported. Finding R. microplus larvae on vegetation complements reports of infestations in wildlife hosts inhabiting the southern Texas coastal plains. Land uses and environmental conditions have changed since cattle fever ticks were eradicated from the United States by 1943. These changes complicate efforts by the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program to keep cattle in the United States free of the cattle fever tick disease vectors. Current scientific research on technologies that could be used for area-wide management of fever tick larvae in south Texas and how this could be applied to integrated eradication efforts are discussed.

scholarly journals The impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in Limpopo Province, South Africa

2005 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.O. Rikhotso ◽  
W.H. Stoltsz ◽  
N.R. Bryson ◽  
J.E.M. Sommerville
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Endemic Stability ◽  
Clinical Cases

A 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the Bushbuckridge region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. To this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were assayed for B. bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma antibodies. Cattle in the intensively dipped group were dipped 26 times and maintained on a 14-day dipping interval throughout the study, whereas cattle in the strategically dipped group were dipped only 13 times. Three cattle, from which adult ticks were collected, were selected from each village, while immature ticks were collected by drag-sampling the surrounding vegetation. During the dipping process, a questionnaire aimed at assessing the prevalence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease, abscesses and mortalities was completed by an Animal Health Technician at each diptank. An increase in seroprevalence to B. bovis and B. bigemina and a decrease in seroprevalence to Anaplasma was detected in the strategically dipped group while in the intensively dipped group the converse was true. Amblyomma hebraeum was the most numerous tick species on the cattle, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was more plentiful than Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus. Drag samples yielded more immature stages of A. hebraeum than of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. The incidence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease and of abscesses increased in the strategically dipped group at the start of the survey.

scholarly journals 126 Detection of fecal chemistry changes in cattle infested with the Southern Cattle Tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 54-54
Author(s):  
Brian T Rich ◽  
Pete D Teel ◽  
Donald B Thomas ◽  
Jay Angerer ◽  
Douglas R Tolleson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Spectral Variation ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Cattle Fever Ticks

Abstract Bovine babesiosis, a highly fatal tick-borne disease of cattle, was eliminated from the United States in the last century through tick eradication programs against 2 species of cattle fever ticks. The threat to the U.S. cattle industry continues through tick introductions from Mexico. The standard method of detecting Cattle Fever Ticks [Rhipicephalus (B.) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus] in the state-federal tick eradication program is physical examination of restrained cattle to find attached ticks. New methods of detecting tick-infested cattle could improve reliability and reduce animal stress. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in fecal chemistry induced by tick infestation was detectable using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Fecal samples were collected daily from 6 stanchioned Bos taurus yearling heifers (initial mean weight 163.3 kg +/- 4.7 kg) at the USDA Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Edinburg, TX, before, during, and after an infestation of 5000 R. (B.) microplus larvae. Cluster analyses were conducted using GRAMS IQ for NIR spectra in the 576–1126 nm range to test for fecal chemistry changes different from pre-infestation condition, and coincident with the biological phases of the tick infestation. The first three factors of spectral variation accounted for 87.87% of spectral variation among all samples. Factors 1, 2, and 3 had F-Ratios for the Reduced Eigenvalues of 941.59, 387.44, and 221.79, respectively. Three-dimensional analysis for these 3 factors shows shifts in sample clusters away from pre-infestation and coincident with progressive tick blood-feeding and post-infestation recovery. We conclude that fecal NIRS may provide a tool for detection of tick-infested cattle; however, further testing is needed to determine the sensitivity of detection on cattle with varying levels of tick burden, and a protocol developed and evaluated for fecal sampling under field conditions

scholarly journals Attracting and Retaining Global Talent: International Graduate Students in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (93) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Rajika Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
International Student ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Current Status ◽  
International Graduate Students ◽  
International Graduate ◽  
The U.S

In light of current developments in in-bound international student flows to the U.S., this articleuses multiple recent data sources to examine the appeal of the U.S. as a destination forinternational graduate students, as well as the current status of international graduate enrollmentin the U.S.

The Emerging Domestic Cruise Industry

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 26-42
Author(s):  
John H. Leeper ◽  
John W. Boylston
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Open Market ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
Cruise Industry ◽  
Cruise Ships ◽  
Time Availability ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Tax Deductions ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. market, with its high per-capita income, generous leisure time availability, and open market entry, has become the world's most lucrative market for ocen cruising. Cruise ships sailing from the United States serve six distinct markets: the Bahamas, Bermuda, the Caribbean, Alaska, Mexico, and inland/coastal. With the exception of the Alaska and inland/coastal markets, the trade is served almost exclusively by foreign-flag vessels. The Jones Act, which restricts passenger service between consecutive U.S. ports to U.S.-flag vessels, together with the increased popularity for ocean cruising, has created a demand for U.S.-built/U.S.-manned cruise vessels that can operate in the inland/coastal market. Also, legislation allowing tax deductions for business conventions held aboard U.S.-flag vessels, coupled with a soft market for U.S. new construction and U.S. seagoing labor, has culminated in the potential for an internationally competitive U.S.-flag cruise industry. This paper reviews the current status of the U.S.-flag cruise industry, its operating environment, the rules and regulations that govern its operation, and its probable future.

The Current Status of Therapeutic Apheresis Devices in the United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Siami ◽  
F.S. Siami
Keyword(s):  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Protein A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
Direct Adsorption ◽  
Secondary Plasma ◽  
The U.S

Over the last 40 years, plasmapheresis technology and its indications for use have been continually evolving. With the growing incidence for autoimmune diseases, unsatisfactory therapeutic options, side effects of drug therapy, and economic relevance, apheresis clinicians have been leaning toward more selective plasmapheresis techniques through the use of plasma fractionators and immunoadsorption columns. Plasma fractionators are mostly used in Asia, and rarely utilized in the U.S. The majority of plasma filters approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are primary membrane plasma separators, which still require replacement fluid. The secondary plasma fractionators available in the U.S. are limited in used and mostly investigational. Immunoadsorption columns, mostly used in Europe, are gaining popularity in the U.S. Some FDA-approved immunoadsorption columns include the Prosorba protein-A silica column, Immunosorba tryptophan and phenylalanine columns, Immunosorba protein-A sepharose column, and Liposorber dextran sulfate column. In addition, the heparin-induce extracorporeal lipoprotein precipitation (HELP) system is also FDA-approved. However, there are other immunoadsorption technologies used in Europe, such as direct adsorption lipoprotein LDL-hemoperfusion, not yet available in the U.S. While each method of apheresis carries its own risks and benefits, it is the opinion of the authors that these additional apheresis techniques be available to U.S. researchers and clinicians as a therapeutic option. The authors believe that the U.S. need to aggressively investigate more specific plasmapheresis modalities and establish appropriate dialogue with regulatory and reimbursement officials for FDA-approval of these devices.

The U.S. and Soviet Stakes in Nuclear Nonproliferation

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Nye
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Cooperative Action ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The U.S

In the aftermath of the invasion of Afghanistan and the advent of the Reagan Administration, cooperation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union seems to have diminished, particularly in the area of arms control. Nuclear non-proliferation is the oldest area of Soviet-American cooperation in arms control, dating back to the establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the 1950s. But the fact that the two countries have a common interest does not mean that there is necessarily an equal interest or that it can survive the current tension.Some analysts argue that the Soviet Union has more at risk from proliferation than does the United States. For example, many of the potential new entrants to nuclear weapons status–India, Pakistan, Korea, Taiwan, Iraq–are countries geographically close to the Soviet Union and distant from the United States. Thus, it could be argued that the Soviet Union has more to fear than we do, and from the zero-sum perspective of U.S.-Soviet hostility, further proliferation may hurt the Soviet Union more than the United States. To judge whether this is a sensible basis for policy, or whether cooperative action is a better basis requires a closer look at the skeptical arguments.

scholarly journals The Recent and Predictable Future: The U.S. Posture Toward China During and After the Presidential Election Campaign

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 2150001
Author(s):  
Yinhong Shi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Presidential Election Campaign ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Trump Administration

Due to the serious perverse actions of the Trump administration in the fields of strategic rivalry, political/ideological confrontation, diplomatic exchanges and trade war between China and the United States as well as in that of global governance, Biden’s new administration is bound to make revisions somewhat and somehow. However, the current posture of the United States toward China is not only strong and enduring international structural dynamics in many aspects, but also multilateral strong and enduring domestic political and social ones. Therefore, its revision is to be necessarily quite partial and limited, and the confrontation and competition with China in some other areas will probably intensify. To a large extent, the trend of China–US relations after the US election could be influenced or even shaped by China, so China’s strategy and policy and appropriate adjustment are of great importance. China needs to take the initiative to avoid military conflicts with the United States, treating it as the essential highest common interest and the vital “common denominator” and to strive for a sort of pragmatic, focused and concrete dialogue or negotiation with the Biden administration as soon as possible after it took office.

Monitoring Drought in the United States: Status and Trends

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Wilhite ◽  
Mark D. Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Transportation Energy ◽  
Production Water ◽  
The U.S

Drought occurs somewhere in the United States almost every year and results in serious economic, social, and environmental costs and losses. Drought is more commonly associated with the western United States because much of this region is typically arid to semiarid. For example, this region experienced widespread drought conditions from the late 1980s through the early 1990s. The widespread and severe drought that affected large portions of the nation in 1988 resulted in an estimated $39 billion in impacts in sectors ranging from agriculture and forestry to transportation, energy production, water supply, tourism, recreation, and the environment (Riebsame et al., 1991). In the case of agriculture, production losses of more than $15 billion occurred and especially devastated corn and spring wheat belts in addition to reducing exports to other nations. In 1995, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) estimated annual losses attributable to drought at $6–8 billion (FEMA, 1995). Since 1995, drought has occurred in nearly all parts of the country, and many regions have been affected on several occasions and in consecutive years. Most of the eastern United States experienced an extremely severe drought in 1998– 99, and in parts of the southeast, drought occurred each year from 1999 through 2002, especially in Florida and Georgia. Figure 9.1 depicts nonirrigated corn yields for Nebraska for the period from 1950 to 2002. Nebraska is one of the principal agricultural states in the United States, and corn is one of its primary crops. The drought effects on yields are most apparent during the severe droughts of the mid-1950s, mid-1970s, 1980, 1983, 1988–89, and 2000. Extremely wet years, such as 1993 in the eastern part of the state, also depressed corn yields. Monitoring drought presents some unique challenges because of its distinctive characteristics (Wilhite, 2000). The purpose of this chapter is to document the current status of drought monitoring and assessment in the United States, particularly with regard to the agricultural sector.

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