A Instrumentalização das Fake news nas Guerras Híbridas: uma análise a partir do Golpe na Bolívia (2019) | The Instrumentalization of Fake news in Hybrid Wars: an analysis based on the Coup in Bolivia (2019)

Considerando as transformações do capitalismo e a reconfiguração do imperialismo, as Guerras Híbridas surgem no século XXI como parte de uma nova estratégia para a desestabilização política da periferia global. Sua tática mescla diferentes tipos de ataques, inclusive virtuais, com a finalidade de destituir governantes e realinhar politicamente os países atingidos aos interesses do centro global, especialmente dos Estados Unidos. À vista disso, o presente artigo objetiva identificar como as fake news foram instrumentalizadas na Guerra Híbrida contra a Bolívia, que culminou na renúncia do então Presidente Evo Morales, em 2019. Para tanto, emprega-se o método de abordagem materialista histórico-dialético, o método de procedimento histórico e a técnica de pesquisa documental. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a instrumentalização das fake news ocorreu de maneira sistemática, manipuladora e impactou a ocorrência do golpe em um contexto de Guerra Híbrida.Palavras-chaves: Guerras Híbridas; Bolívia; Estados Unidos.ABSTRACTConsidering the transformations of capitalism and the reconfiguration of imperialism, the Hybrid Wars emerge in the 21st century as part of a new strategy for the political destabilization of the global periphery. Its tactic mixes different types of attacks, including virtual ones, with the purpose of removing governors and to politically realign the affected countries to the interests of the global center, especially of the United States. Considering this, the present article aims to identify how fake news were instrumentalized in the Hybrid War against Bolivia, which culminated in the resignation of then President Evo Morales, in 2019. In order to that, the historical-dialectical materialist approach is employed, as well as the historical procedure method and the documentary research technique. The results obtained indicate that the instrumentalization of fake news occurred in a systematic and manipulative way and impacted the occurrence of the coup in a Hybrid War context.Keywords: Hybrid Wars; Bolivia; United States. Recebido em: 10 jun. 2021 | Aceito em: 19/09/21.

The mixed 0-form/1-form anomaly in Hilbert space: pouring the new wine into old bottles

We study four-dimensional gauge theories with arbitrary simple gauge group with 1-form global center symmetry and 0-form parity or discrete chiral symmetry. We canonically quantize on 𝕋3, in a fixed background field gauging the 1-form symmetry. We show that the mixed 0-form/1-form ’t Hooft anomaly results in a central extension of the global-symmetry operator algebra. We determine this algebra in each case and show that the anomaly implies degeneracies in the spectrum of the Hamiltonian at any finite- size torus. We discuss the consistency of these constraints with both older and recent semiclassical calculations in SU(N) theories, with or without adjoint fermions, as well as with their conjectured infrared phases.

Characterization of Egyptian Cotton Fiber Quality Using CCS

The purpose of the current study is to characterize Egyptian cotton using HVI and CCS measurements. The present investigation was carried out at two different locations: The Global Center for Cotton Testing Research in International Cotton Association (ICA) using HVI instrument in Germany and Egyptian and International Cotton Classification Center (EICCC), Cotton Research Institute (CRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC) using CCS instrument in Egypt. Samples are sourced from standardized preparation stages to obtain more homogeneity. All samples were collected from 2018 and 2019 cotton growing seasons. The studied cotton fiber properties: upper half mean (UHM), uniformity index (UI %), short fiber index (SFI %), strength (FS) and elongation (E %) and micronaire reading (Mike) and maturity ratio (MR). The studied cotton varieties include long staple cotton varieties i.e., Giza 86 and Giza 95 and extra-long staple cotton varieties i.e., Giza 92 and Giza 93, in terms of basic Egyptian cotton grade Good (G). The results of HVI and CCS measurements were detected by using descriptive statistics such as measures of central tendency and dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis. The CCS measurements were more stable than HVI measurements. Confidence intervals of CCS measurements were close to each other compared to HVI measurements. For instance, in Giza 92, confidence interval of UHM was 32.00-32.32for HVI and 32.50-32.55for CCS, adding to confidence intervals for FS were 45.19-46.83for HVI and 46.99-47.17 for CCS. Meanwhile, confidence intervals for Mike were 3.04–3.21 for HVI and 3.12–3.14 for CCS. Basically, sample sizes of CCS were larger more than sample sizes of HVI so that results of CCS measurements were more homogenous than HVI measurements. Applying reliability analysis for consistent results in CCS and HVI measurements elaborated Cronbach's value were more efficient than using Cronbach's value if item deleted for both CCS and HVI. Cronbach's value of CCS measurements was more than HVI measurements and that due to the homogeneity of CCS samples compared to HVI samples.

From pillars to new horizons in corporate governance research

This international online conference ― Corporate Governance: A Search for Emerging Trends in the Pandemic Times held by the team and international scholarly network of Virtus Global Center for Corporate Governance is an excellent platform to present, discuss and share the most recent ideas in the corporate governance research. This conference is the third scholarly online forum held by the team of Virtus GCCR since May 2020. There are more than 20 accepted presentations from scholars from various countries of the world. Such sort of joint efforts of scholars is a bridge to the new horizons in corporate governance research, especially in the time of the pandemic

The investment mechanism for the development of innovative subsystems of different levels of the global center countries

Subject. This article examines the investment mechanism of innovative subsystems of different levels of the countries of the global center. Objectives. The article aims to reveal the features of the investment mechanism mentioned. Methods. For the study, I used logical, statistical, and comparative analyses. Results. The article describes the key distinctive feature of the investment mechanism for the development of innovative subsystems of the global center countries as a logical chain of several interconnected and interrelated elements. Relevance. The results of the study can be applied by the State authorities when designing strategies for the development of economic investment mechanisms at the federal and regional levels.

International Trade Finance from the Origins to the Present: Market Structures, Regulation, and Governance

This chapter describes how the structure and governance of international trade finance—the oldest domain of international finance—evolved from the Middle Ages until today. Trade finance products initially consisted of idiosyncratic assets issued by local merchants and bankers. The financing of international trade then became increasingly centralized and credit instruments were standardized through the diffusion of the local standards of consecutive leading trading centers (Antwerp, Amsterdam, London). This process of market centralization/product standardization culminated in the nineteenth century when London became the global center for international trade finance and the sterling bill of exchange emerged as the most widely used trade finance instrument. The structure of the trade finance market then evolved considerably following World War I and disintegrated during the interwar deglobalization and Bretton Woods period. The reconstruction of global trade finance in the post-1970 period gave way to the decentralized market structure that prevails nowadays.

Current Clinical Trials Protocols and the Global Effort for Immunization against SARS-CoV-2

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the biggest health challenge of the 21st century, affecting millions of people globally. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has ignited an unprecedented effort from the scientific community in the development of new vaccines on different platforms due to the absence of a broad and effective treatment for COVID-19 or prevention strategy for SARS-CoV-2 dissemination. Based on 50 current studies selected from the main clinical trial databases, this systematic review summarizes the global race for vaccine development against COVID-19. For each study, the main intervention characteristics, the design used, and the local or global center partnerships created are highlighted. Most vaccine developments have taken place in Asia, using a viral vector method. Two purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates, an mRNA-based vaccine mRNA1273, and the chimpanzee adenoviral vaccine ChAdOx1 are currently in phase III clinical trials in the respective countries Brazil, the United Arab Emirates, the USA, and the United Kingdom. These vaccines are being developed based on a quickly formed network of collaboration.