scholarly journals Phytochemicals and Amino Acids Profiles of Selected sub-Saharan African Medicinal Plants’ Parts Used for Cardiovascular Diseases’ Treatment

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1367
Author(s):  
Johnson Oluwaseun Odukoya ◽  
Julianah Olayemi Odukoya ◽  
Edwin Mpoh Mmutlane ◽  
Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Branched Chain

For years, the focus on the lipid–atherosclerosis relationship has limited the consideration of the possible contribution of other key dietary components, such as amino acids (AAs), to cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Notwithstanding, the potential of plant-based diets, some AAs and phytochemicals to reduce CVDs’ risk has been reported. Therefore, in this study, the phytochemical and AA profiles of different medicinal plants’ (MPs) parts used for CVDs’ treatment in sub-Saharan Africa were investigated. Fourier-transform infrared analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, amino and other bioactive compounds’ functional groups in the samples. In most of them, glutamic and aspartic acids were the most abundant AAs, while lysine was the most limiting. P. biglobosa leaf, had the richest total branched-chain AAs (BCAAs) level, followed by A. cepa bulb. However, A. cepa bulb had the highest total AAs content and an encouraging nutraceutical use for adults based on its amino acid score. Principal component analysis revealed no sharp distinction between the AAs composition of MPs that have found food applications and those only used medicinally. Overall, the presence of medicinally important phytochemicals and AAs levels in the selected MPs’ parts support their use for CVDs treatment as they might not add to the AAs (e.g., the BCAAs) burden in the human body.

scholarly journals Composite Index of Inclusive Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Inclusion of the Informal Sector

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Omang Ombolo Messono ◽  
Nsoga Nsoga Mermoz Homère III
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Growth Changes

This paper aims to provide a composite index of inclusive growth in 32 sub-Saharan African countries between 1995 and 2014 by taking into account the importance of the informal sector. Following the principal component analysis methods, we find specifically that except for countries such as Djibouti, Burkina Faso, Mauritius, Nigeria and Zimbabwe, inclusive growth has trended upward over the study period. This trend is non-linear and is characterized by two sub periods. From 1995 to 2005, the composite index of inclusive growth is essentially negative. On the other hand, positive growth in value is recorded over the second sub-period from 2005 to 2014. Overall and on average, these countries have experienced inclusive growth. Moreover, we also note that in countries such as Burkina Faso, Mauritius and Nigeria, on the side-lines of the informal sector inclusive growth has a negative trend. However, when we integrate the informal sector, the trend of inclusive growth changes sign and becomes positive.

scholarly journals Institutions and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries: The Effect of Investment Climate Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
pp. 1706-1730
Author(s):  
Nyemb Pagbe Rémi Degourmond
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Composite Indices ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

This paper assesses the impact of investment climate quality on economic growth for a sample of 21 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), over the period 1996-2014. The investment climate is measured simultaneously by individual components and composite indices, in order to capture both its global and specific effects, with a view to possibly identifying the most determining factors in the economic growth of SSA countries. In addition, in order to verify the robustness of our results, two composite indices of investment climate were constructed using the Principal Component Analysis method, with variables from two main databases (the World Governance Indicators database of World Bank and the International Country Risk Guide database).By using fixed and random effects models based on Hausman test results, we generally find that investment climate is a major determinant of economic growth in the countries of the SSA of the study sample. This result is valid regardless of the composite index or the individual component considered. Fight against corruption, protection of private property rights, efficiency of government, the quality of bureaucracy and regulation appear to be the most decisive components in accelerating economic growth for the sample of country considered.

scholarly journals Clusters of sub-Saharan African countries based on sociobehavioural characteristics and associated HIV incidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziza Merzouki ◽  
Janne Estill ◽  
Erol Orel ◽  
Kali Tal ◽  
Olivia Keiser
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Ssa Countries

AbstractIntroductionHIV incidence varies widely between sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This variation coincides with a substantial sociobehavioural heterogeneity, which complicates the design of effective interventions. In this study, we investigated how sociobehavioural heterogeneity in sub-Saharan Africa could account for the variance of HIV incidence between countries.MethodsWe analysed aggregated data, at the national-level, from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys of 29 SSA countries [2010-2017], which included 594’644 persons (183’310 men and 411’334 women). We preselected 48 demographic, socio-economic, behavioural and HIV-related attributes to describe each country. We used Principal Component Analysis to visualize sociobehavioural similarity between countries, and to identify the variables that accounted for most sociobehavioural variance in SSA. We used hierarchical clustering to identify groups of countries with similar sociobehavioural profiles, and we compared the distribution of HIV incidence (estimates from UNAIDS) and sociobehavioural variables within each cluster.ResultsThe most important characteristics, which explained 69% of sociobehavioural variance across SSA among the variables we assessed were: religion; male circumcision; number of sexual partners; literacy; uptake of HIV testing; women’s empowerment; accepting attitude toward people living with HIV/AIDS; rurality; ART coverage; and, knowledge about AIDS. Our model revealed three groups of countries, each with characteristic sociobehavioural profiles. HIV incidence was mostly similar within each cluster and different between clusters (median(IQR); 0.5/1000(0.6/1000), 1.8/1000(1.3/1000) and 5.0/1000(4.2/1000)).

Medicinal plants: An invaluable, dwindling resource in sub-Saharan Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 595-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mack Moyo ◽  
Adeyemi O. Aremu ◽  
Johannes Van Staden
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Increasing Mammary Protein Synthesis through Endocrine and Nutritional Signals

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. McGuire ◽  
Amichai Arieli ◽  
Israel Bruckental ◽  
Dale E. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Branched Chain

Objectives To determine endocrine factors that regulate the partitioning of amino acids by the mammary gland. To evaluate dietary flow and supply of energy and amino acids and their effects on milk protein synthesis and endocrine status. To use primary cultures of cow mammary epithelial cells to examine the role of specific factors on the rates and pattern of milk protein synthesis. Milk protein is an increasingly valuable component of milk but little is known regarding the specific hormonal and nutritional factors controlling milk protein synthesis. The research conducted for this project has determined that milk protein synthesis has the potential to be enhanced much greater than previously believed. Increases of over 25% in milk protein percent and yield were detected in studies utilizing abomasal infusion of casein and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Thus, it appears that insulin, either directly or indirectly, can elicit a substantial increase in milk protein synthesis if additional amino acids are supplied. For additional amino acids, casein provided the best response even though substantial decreases in branched chain amino acids occur when the insulin clamp is utilized. Branched chain amino acids alone are incapable of supporting the enhanced milk protein output. The mammary gland can vary both blood flow and extraction efficiency of amino acids to support protein synthesis. A mammary culture system was used to demonstrate specific endocrine effects on milk protein synthesis. Insulin-like growth factor-I when substituted for insulin was able to enhance casein and a-lactalbumin mRNA. This suggests that insulin is a indirect regulator of milk protein synthesis working through the IGF system to control mammary production of casein and a-lactalbumin. Principal component analysis determined that carbohydrate had the greatest effect on milk protein yield with protein supply only having minor effects. Work in cattle determined that the site of digestion of starch did not affect milk composition alone but the degradability of starch and protein in the rumen can interact to alter milk yield. Cows fed diets with a high degree of rumen undegradability failed to specifically enhance milk protein but produced greater milk yield with similar composition. The mammary gland has an amazing ability to produce protein of great value. Research conducted here has demonstrated the unprecedented potential of the metabolic machinery in the mammary gland. Insulin, probably signaling the mammary gland through the IGF system is a key regulator that must be combined with adequate nutrition in order for maximum response.

scholarly journals New Insights in Staging and Chemotherapy of African Trypanosomiasis and Possible Contribution of Medicinal Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Seke Etet ◽  
M. Fawzi Mahomoodally
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
Disease Staging ◽  
Alternative Drug ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Trypanocidal Drugs ◽  
Made In

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a fatal if untreated fly-borne neuroinflammatory disease caused by protozoa of the speciesTrypanosoma brucei(T.b.). The increasing trend of HAT cases has been reversed, but according to WHO experts, new epidemics of this disease could appear. In addition, HAT is still a considerable burden for life quality and economy in 36 sub-Saharan Africa countries with 15–20 million persons at risk. Following joined initiatives of WHO and private partners, the fight against HAT was re-engaged, resulting in considerable breakthrough. We present here what is known at this day about HAT etiology and pathogenesis and the new insights in the development of accurate tools and tests for disease staging and severity monitoring in the field. Also, we elaborate herein the promising progresses made in the development of less toxic and more efficient trypanocidal drugs including the potential of medicinal plants and related alternative drug therapies.

scholarly journals Ethnopharmacological Survey on Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Central and Kara Regions of Togo for Antitumor and Chronic Wound Healing Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Poyodi Kola ◽  
Kossi Metowogo ◽  
Yendubé T. Kantati ◽  
Povi Lawson-Evi ◽  
Mabozou Kpemissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Adansonia Digitata ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
Parinari Curatellifolia ◽  
Piliostigma Thonningii ◽  
Sub Saharan

Cancer is an emerging public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Several medicinal plants are used by traditional healers to treat tumors. In Togo, there are no recorded data for these plants but traditional healers claim to cure tumors with some success. So, information on medicinal plants used to cure human tumors and cancer could be of great importance for their widespread use and scientific validation. The present ethnopharmacological survey aims to record information on antitumor plants in central and Kara regions of Togo. Semistructured validated questionnaires were administered to fifty-seven traditional healers specialized in tumor management in 7 prefectures of Togo. Good practices and know-how were recorded. Quantitative ethnobotanical tools were used to analyze and summarize the data collected. 85 recipes of medicinal plants for tumors management are provided. In the local dialect, 78.95% of traditional healers do not have a clear tumor designation and 29.90% find that the causes of tumors remain unknown. According to 48.78% of traditional healers, the diagnosis of tumors in patients is made in the hospital. The types of tumors frequently treated are those of the breast (43.75%) and the lung (16.67%). The seventy listed medicinal plants belong to thirty-nine families, the most represented being Rubiaceae (17.95%), Caesalpiniaceae (12.82%), Fabaceae (10.26%), and Annonaceae (7.69%). The ten most cited species were Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum melegueta, Khaya senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa, Piliostigma thonningii, Blighia sapida, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata, Annona muricata, and Parinari curatellifolia. Most of the recipes are prepared as decoction (40%) and administered orally (54.12%). Both regions of our study have a wealth of medicinal plants, and traditional healers would use their local knowledge in the management of various tumors and chronic wounds.

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