Glimepiride Loaded Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) Microspheres Improve Osseointegration of Dental Implants in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

The patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have high dental implant failure frequency. This study explores the function of glimepiride local delivery on dental implant osseointegration in diabetes animal. Glimepiride loaded PLGA microspheres were loaded on the surface of the dental implant, and transplanted into ten Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Blood sugar level and Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) were measured every week after surgery. Histological, osseointegration rate and bone-implant contact (BIC) rate analysis were performed to evaluate dental osseointegration. The results showed that Glimepiride loaded Poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres have sustained-release curve. The glimepiride group exhibited greater ISQ than the control group. The BIC rate of the control and glimepiride group was 44.60%±1.95% and 59.80%±1.79%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the glimepiride group has a significantly greater osseointegration rate than that of the control group. Thus, Glimepiride could provide an alternative drug release microspheres for enhance the dental implant osseointegration in diabetes patients.

Insights into Background of Microbial Aggregations (Acinetobacter baumannii): A Century of Challenges

: In recent years, Acinetobacter baumannii has attracted the research community’s attention since they are turned into the leading cause of both community- and hospital-acquired infections. The emergence of MDR-Acinetobacter baumannii strains threatens hospitalized patients since antibiotics fail to withdraw the bacterial infectious agents. Despite its worldwide distribution, health settings fail to combat limitations in therapeutic regions against Acinetobacter baumannii. The capability of biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii strengthens their virulence and also survival. Understanding the fundamental virulence mechanisms beyond the microbial aggregations leads to exploring alternative drug targets such as signaling molecules and Quorum sensing systems to block bacterial communication and antimicrobial resistance. The significance of examining the biofilm's structural details and the relationship between Quorum sensing networks and related signaling molecules has been explicitly highlighted. Accordingly, this review study aimed to explain the general biofilm structure, the mechanisms beyond biofilm formation, quorum sensing system, and the generation of signaling molecules in Acinetobacter baumannii.

Effects of Sargassum plagiophyllum extract pretreatment on tissue histology of constipated mice

Purpose: To evaluate the toxicity of the dried seaweed, Sargassum plagiophyllum, extract (SPE) pretreatment in constipated mice.Methods: The dried seaweed powder was mixed with distilled water and extracted by autoclave at 121°C. Antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Human normal colon cells were pretreated with SPE at 0 - 100 μg/mL for 24 h before challenging them with 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified using 2',7'- dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA). Male ICR mice were pretreated for 14 consecutive days with SPE at 100, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg or lactulose at 500 mg/kg. Body weight and food intake were recorded daily. Constipation was induced with loperamide on days 12, 13 and 14 and fecal pellets evacuated over a 4-hr period. The ileum, liver, kidney, and spleen were collected for histopathological examination.Results: The IC50 for the radical scavenging capacity of SPE was 343.90 ± 4.21 μg/mL compared to 14.14 ± 0.71 μg/mL for ascorbic acid. Pretreatment with SPE was significantly reduced ROS production in human normal colon cells. Oral administration of all doses of SPE and lactulose for 14 consecutive days had no effect on food intake or body weight when compared to the normal control group. Defecation was significantly more frequent in mice pretreated with SPE at 100 mg/kg than in the constipation control group. Histopathological examination of the ileum, liver, kidney and spleen of pretreated constipated mice revealed no toxic effect from either SPE or lactulose. On the other hand, the loss of mucus-producing cells in the ileum of constipated mice was significantly lower in mice pretreated with SPE.Conclusions: These findings support the safety of SPE supplementation and may broaden itsapplication in clinical fields as an alternative drug or supplement for constipation management.

The management of lupus nephritis as proposed by EULAR/ERA 2019 versus KDIGO 2021

In 2019 and 2021, the European League for Rheumatism (EULAR) jointly with the European Renal Association (ERA) and the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), respectively, released updated guidelines on the management of lupus nephritis. The Immunology Working Group of the ERA reviewed and compared both updates. Recommendations were either consistent or differences were of negligible clinical relevance for: Indication for kidney biopsy, kidney biopsy interpretation, treatment targets, hydroxychloroquine dosing, first line initial immunosuppressive therapy for active class III, IV (±V) LN, pregnancy in LN, LN in paediatric patients, and LN patients with kidney failure. Relevant differences in the recommended management relate to the recognition of lupus podocytopathies, uncertainties in steroid dosing, drug preferences in specific populations and maintenance therapy, treatment of pure class V LN, therapy of recurrent LN, evolving alternative drug options, and diagnostic work-up of thrombotic microangiopathy. Altogether, both documents provide an excellent guidance to the growing complexity of LN management. This article endeavours to prevent confusion by identifying differences and clarifying discrepancies.

Emerging Nano-Based Strategies Against Drug Resistance in Tumor Chemotherapy

Drug resistance is the most significant causes of cancer chemotherapy failure. Various mechanisms of drug resistance include tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, changes at cellular levels, genetic factors, and other mechanisms. In recent years, more attention has been paid to tumor resistance mechanisms and countermeasures. Nanomedicine is an emerging treatment platform, focusing on alternative drug delivery and improved therapeutic effectiveness while reducing side effects on normal tissues. Here, we reviewed the principal forms of drug resistance and the new possibilities that nanomaterials offer for overcoming these therapeutic barriers. Novel nanomaterials based on tumor types are an excellent modality to equalize drug resistance that enables gain more rational and flexible drug selectivity for individual patient treatment. With the emergence of advanced designs and alternative drug delivery strategies with different nanomaterials, overcome of multidrug resistance shows promising and opens new horizons for cancer therapy. This review discussed different mechanisms of drug resistance and recent advances in nanotechnology-based therapeutic strategies to improve the sensitivity and effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs, aiming to show the advantages of nanomaterials in overcoming of drug resistance for tumor chemotherapy, which could accelerate the development of personalized medicine.

A Review on Polymer and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Its Application to Nano-Pharmaceutical and Food-Based Systems

Recently, owing to well-controlled release, enhanced distribution and increased permeability, nanocarriers used for alternative drug and food-delivery strategies have received increasingly attentions. Nanocarriers have attracted a large amount of interest as potential carriers of various bioactive molecules for multiple applications. Drug and food-based delivery via polymeric-based nanocarriers and lipid-based nanocarriers has been widely investigated. Nanocarriers, especially liposomes, are more and more widely used in the area of novel nano-pharmaceutical or food-based design. Herein, we aimed to discuss the recent advancement of different surface-engineered nanocarriers type, along with cutting-edge applications for food and nanomedicine and highlight the alternative of phytochemical as nanocarrier. Additionally, safety concern of nanocarriers was also highlighted.

Selected natural and synthetic agents effective against Parkinson’s disease with diverse mechanisms

: Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been extensively investigated with respect to its neuropathological background and possible treatment options. Since the symptomatic outcomes are generally related to dopamine deficiency, the current treatment strategies towards PD mainly employ dopaminergic agonists as well as the compounds acting on dopamine metabolism. These drugs do not provide disease modifying properties; therefore alternative drug discovery studies focus on targets involved in the progressive neurodegenerative character of PD. This study has aimed to present the pathophysiology of PD concomitant to the representation of drugs and promising molecules displaying activity against the validated and non-validated targets of PD.

Sinomenine hydrochloride injection for knee osteoarthritis

Review question / Objective: At present, many clinical studies have been reported on the treatment of KOA by injecting sinomenine hydrochloride into the knee cavity. However, no systematic evaluation has been published on this issue, and it is not clear whether sinomenine hydrochloride injection is effective and safe in the treatment of KOA.Therefore, it is important to conduct systematic evaluation to obtain relatively convincing conclusions as to whether sinomenine hydrochloride injection can be a good choice as a complementary and alternative drug (CAM) for KOA. Condition being studied: The RCTs are eligible, whether or not the blind method is specifically described. There are no restrictions on languages. Moreover, systemic evaluation, review literature and the full article cannot be obtained will be excluded.

NANO-CARRIER BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS CONTAINING BIOACTIVE FROM CARICA PAPAYA FOR ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY

Significant progress has been achieved in the creation of novel drug delivery systems based on herbal bioactive in recent years. Herbal formulations for novel drug delivery systems are more efficient and have more benefits than other alternatives. Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is very popular for its nutritious as well as therapeutic benefits all over the world. Carica papaya is a tropical and subtropical fruit that is used as a vegetable and in herbal medicine to treat a variety of ailments. The rising prevalence of diabetes, along with the harsh side effects of some synthetic drugs, has prompted an increase in the search for natural alternatives. Liposomes, phytosomes, ethosomes microspheres, nano-capsules, transferosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, and nano-emulsions have all been developed using bioactive and plant extracts. The primary motivation for the advancement of alternative drug delivery is to improve drug delivery quality and safety while also providing greater patient comfort.

Quercetin Impact in Pancreatic Cancer: An Overview on Its Therapeutic Effects

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal malignancy cancer, and its mortality rates have been increasing worldwide. Diagnosis of this cancer is complicated, as it does not often present symptoms, and most patients present an irremediable tumor having a 5-year survival rate after diagnosis. Regarding treatment, many concerns have also been raised, as most tumors are found at advanced stages. At present, anticancer compounds-rich foods have been utilized to control PC. Among such bioactive molecules, flavonoid compounds have shown excellent anticancer abilities, such as quercetin, which has been used as an adjunctive or alternative drug to PC treatment by inhibitory or stimulatory biological mechanisms including autophagy, apoptosis, cell growth reduction or inhibition, EMT, oxidative stress, and enhancing sensitivity to chemotherapy agents. The recognition that this natural product has beneficial effects on cancer treatment has boosted the researchers’ interest towards more extensive studies to use herbal medicine for anticancer purposes. In addition, due to the expensive cost and high rate of side effects of anticancer drugs, attempts have been made to use quercetin but also other flavonoids for preventing and treating PC. Based on related studies, it has been found that the quercetin compound has significant effect on cancerous cell lines as well as animal models. Therefore, it can be used as a supplementary drug to treat a variety of cancers, particularly pancreatic cancer. This review is aimed at discussing the therapeutic effects of quercetin by targeting the molecular signaling pathway and identifying antigrowth, cell proliferation, antioxidative stress, EMT, induction of apoptotic, and autophagic features.