scholarly journals Shape Measurement Method of Two-Dimensional Micro-Structures beyond the Diffraction Limit Based on Speckle Interferometry

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Yasuhiko Arai
Keyword(s):  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Speckle Interferometry ◽  
Diffraction Limit ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Phase Detection ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Noise Component

A technique based on speckle interferometry for observing microstructures beyond the diffraction limit by detecting the spatial phase distribution of scattered light from microstructures has previously been reported. In this study, the development of this technique using a two-dimensional method is discussed. In order to observe general two-dimensional images, development of new technology in several stages is required. A two-dimensional filtering technique to reduce the noise component and a two-dimensional integration path to detect the three-dimensional shape of the surface are described in detail. As a first step toward observing complex two-dimensional structures in the future, it is investigated that directional two-dimensional information such as fibrous materials and micro-linear structures can be visually captured and treated as meaningful two-dimensional structures. As a result, it is shown that it is possible to observe fine two-dimensional letters with a line width of 100 nm, which is beyond the diffraction limit of the objective lens, demonstrating the effectiveness of the observation technique for microstructures by phase detection.

scholarly journals Microshape Measurement Method Using Speckle Interferometry Based on Phase Analysis

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Yasuhiko Arai
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Phase Analysis ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Periodic Structures ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Speckle Interferometry ◽  
Diffraction Limit ◽  
Silica Microspheres ◽  
Measured Object

A method for the measurement of the shape of a fine structure beyond the diffraction limit based on speckle interferometry has been reported. In this paper, the mechanism for measuring the shape of the fine structure in speckle interferometry using scattered light as the illumination light is discussed. Furthermore, by analyzing the phase distribution of the scattered light from the surface of the measured object, this method can be used to measure the shapes of periodic structures and single silica microspheres beyond the diffraction limit.

scholarly journals Double-Diffusive Convection in a Stochastic Shear

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 3155-3167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timour Radko ◽  
James Ball ◽  
John Colosi ◽  
Jason Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Waves ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Salt Fingers ◽  
Diffusive Dynamics ◽  
Wave Induced ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Double Diffusive

AbstractAn attempt is made to quantify the impact of stochastic wave–induced shears on salt fingers associated with internal waves in the ocean. The wave environment is represented by the superposition of Fourier components conforming to the Garrett–Munk (GM) spectrum with random initial phase distribution. The resulting time series of vertical shear are incorporated into a finger-resolving numerical model, and the latter is used to evaluate the equilibrium diapycnal fluxes of heat and salt. The proposed procedure makes it possible to simulate salt fingers in shears that are representative of typical oceanic conditions. This study finds that the shear-induced modification of salt fingers is largely caused by near-inertial motions. These relatively slow waves act to align salt fingers in the direction of shear, thereby rendering the double-diffusive dynamics effectively two-dimensional. Internal waves reduce the equilibrium vertical fluxes of heat and salt by a factor of 2 relative to those in the unsheared three-dimensional environment, bringing them close to the values suggested by corresponding two-dimensional simulations.

scholarly journals Tracking and Linking of Microparticle Trajectories During Mode-Coupling Induced Melting in a Two-Dimensional Complex Plasma Crystal

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Lénaïc Couëdel ◽  
Vladimir Nosenko
Keyword(s):  
Mode Coupling ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Noise Removal ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Complex Plasma ◽  
Plasma Crystal ◽  
Mode Coupling Instability

In this article, a strategy to track microparticles and link their trajectories adapted to the study of the melting of a quasi two-dimensional complex plasma crystal induced by the mode-coupling instability is presented. Because of the three-dimensional nature of the microparticle motions and the inhomogeneities of the illuminating laser light sheet, the scattered light intensity can change significantly between two frames, making the detection of the microparticles and the linking of their trajectories quite challenging. Thanks to a two-pass noise removal process based on Gaussian blurring of the original frames using two different kernel widths, the signal-to-noise ratio was increased to a level that allowed a better intensity thresholding of different regions of the images and, therefore, the tracking of the poorly illuminated microparticles. Then, by predicting the positions of the microparticles based on their previous positions, long particle trajectories could be reconstructed, allowing accurate measurement of the evolution of the microparticle energies and the evolution of the monolayer properties.

scholarly journals Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Single Particle Tracking of Upconverting Nanoparticles in Living Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyujin Shin ◽  
Yo Song ◽  
Yeongchang Goh ◽  
Kang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Particle Tracking ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Single Particle Tracking ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Two Dimensional

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are inorganic nanomaterials in which the lanthanide cations embedded in the host matrix can convert incident near-infrared light to visible or ultraviolet light. These particles are often used for long-term and real-time imaging because they are extremely stable even when subjected to continuous irradiation for a long time. It is now possible to image their movement at the single particle level with a scale of a few nanometers and track their trajectories as a function of time with a scale of a few microseconds. Such UCNP-based single-particle tracking (SPT) technology provides information about the intracellular structures and dynamics in living cells. Thus far, most imaging techniques have been built on fluorescence microscopic techniques (epifluorescence, total internal reflection, etc.). However, two-dimensional (2D) images obtained using these techniques are limited in only being able to visualize those on the focal planes of the objective lens. On the contrary, if three-dimensional (3D) structures and dynamics are known, deeper insights into the biology of the thick cells and tissues can be obtained. In this review, we introduce the status of the fluorescence imaging techniques, discuss the mathematical description of SPT, and outline the past few studies using UCNPs as imaging probes or biologically functionalized carriers.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

Instrumentation For Quantitative Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 206-209
Author(s):  
B. Ralph ◽  
A.R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Phase Volume Fraction ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Automatic Data Collection ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Evolution Of Microstructure

In all fields of microscopy there is an increasing interest in the quantification of microstructure. This interest may stem from a desire to establish quality control parameters or may have a more fundamental requirement involving the derivation of parameters which partially or completely define the three dimensional nature of the microstructure. This latter categorey of study may arise from an interest in the evolution of microstructure or from a desire to generate detailed property/microstructure relationships. In the more fundamental studies some convolution of two-dimensional data into the third dimension (stereological analysis) will be necessary.In some cases the two-dimensional data may be acquired relatively easily without recourse to automatic data collection and further, it may prove possible to perform the data reduction and analysis relatively easily. In such cases the only recourse to machines may well be in establishing the statistical confidence of the resultant data. Such relatively straightforward studies tend to result from acquiring data on the whole assemblage of features making up the microstructure. In this field data mode, when parameters such as phase volume fraction, mean size etc. are sought, the main case for resorting to automation is in order to perform repetitive analyses since each analysis is relatively easily performed.

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