scholarly journals Olive Cultivars Susceptible or Tolerant to Xylella fastidiosa Subsp. pauca Exhibit Mid-Term Different Metabolomes upon Natural Infection or a Curative Treatment

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 772
Author(s):  
Chiara Roberta Girelli ◽  
Laura Del Coco ◽  
Federica Angilè ◽  
Marco Scortichini ◽  
Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Metabolic Pattern ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, is a bacterial phytopathogen associated with the “olive quick decline syndrome” (OQDS) causing severe economic losses to olive groves in Salento area (Apulia, Italy). In a previous work, we analyzed by 1H-NMR the metabolic pattern of naturally infected Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò susceptible cultivars untreated and treated with a zinc-copper citric acid biocomplex and we observed the treatment related variation of the disease biomarker quinic acid. In this study, we focused also on the Leccino cultivar, known to exhibit tolerance to the disease progression. The 1H-NMR-based metabolomic approach was applied with the aim to characterize the overall metabolism of tolerant Leccino in comparison with the susceptible cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò under periodic mid-term treatment. In particular, we studied the leaf extract molecular patterns of naturally infected trees untreated and treated with the biocomplex. The metabolic Leccino profiles were analyzed for the first time and compared with those exhibited by the susceptible Cellina di Nardò and Ogliarola salentina cultivars. The study highlighted a specificity in the metabolic response of the tolerant Leccino compared to susceptible cultivars. These differences provide useful information to describe the defensive mechanisms underlying the change of metabolites as a response to the infection, and the occurrence of different levels of disease, season and treatment effects for olive cultivars.

scholarly journals 1H-NMR Metabolite Fingerprinting Analysis Reveals a Disease Biomarker and a Field Treatment Response in Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca-Infected Olive Trees

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girelli ◽  
Angilè ◽  
Del Coco ◽  
Migoni ◽  
Zampella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Metabolic Pattern ◽  
Disease Biomarker ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olive Trees

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is a xylem-limited bacterial phytopathogen currently found associated on many hectares with the “olive quick decline syndrome” in the Apulia region (Southern Italy), and the cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò result in being particularly sensitive to the disease. In order to find compounds showing the capability of reducing the population cell density of the pathogen within the leaves, we tested, in some olive orchards naturally-infected by the bacterium, a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex, namely Dentamet®, by spraying it to the crown, once per month, during spring and summer. The occurrence of the pathogen in the four olive orchards chosen for the trial was molecularly assessed. A 1H NMR metabolomic approach, in conjunction with a multivariate statistical analysis, was applied to investigate the metabolic pattern of both infected and treated adult olive cultivars, Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò trees, in two sampling periods, performed during the first year of the trial. For both cultivars and sampling periods, the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) gave good models of separation according to the treatment application. In both cultivars, some metabolites such as quinic acid, the aldehydic form of oleoeuropein, ligstroside and phenolic compounds, were consistently found as discriminative for the untreated olive trees in comparison with the Dentamet®-treated trees. Quinic acid, a precursor of lignin, was confirmed as a disease biomarker for the olive trees infected by X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca. When treated with Dentamet®, the two cultivars showed a distinct response. A consistent increase in malic acid was observed for the Ogliarola salentina trees, whereas in the Cellina di Nardò trees the treatments attenuate the metabolic response to the infection. To note that in Cellina di Nardò trees at the first sampling, an increase in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was observed. This study highlights how the infection incited by X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca strongly modifies the overall metabolism of olive trees, and how a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex can induce an early re-programming of the metabolic pathways in the infected trees.

scholarly journals Ionomic Differences between Susceptible and Resistant Olive Cultivars Infected by Xylella fastidiosa in the Outbreak Area of Salento, Italy

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giusy D’Attoma ◽  
Massimiliano Morelli ◽  
Pasquale Saldarelli ◽  
Maria Saponari ◽  
Annalisa Giampetruzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Outbreak Area ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome ◽  
Olive Trees

Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a devastating disease of olive trees in the Salento region, Italy. This disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which is widespread in the outbreak area; however, the “Leccino” variety of olives has proven to be resistant with fewer symptoms and lower bacterial populations than the “Ogliarola salentina” variety. We completed an empirical study to determine the mineral and trace element contents (viz; ionome) of leaves from infected trees comparing the two varieties, to develop hypotheses related to the resistance of Leccino trees to X. fastidiosa infection. All samples from both cultivars tested were infected by X. fastidiosa, even if leaves were asymptomatic at the time of collection, due to the high disease pressure in the outbreak area and the long incubation period of this disease. Leaves were binned for the analysis by variety, field location, and infected symptomatic and infected asymptomatic status by visual inspection. The ionome of leaf samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and compared with each other. These analyses showed that Leccino variety consistently contained higher manganese (Mn) levels compared with Ogliarola salentina, and these levels were higher in both infected asymptomatic and infected symptomatic leaves. Infected asymptomatic and infected symptomatic leaves within a host genotype also showed differences in the ionome, particularly a higher concentration of calcium (Ca) and Mn levels in the Leccino cultivar, and sodium (Na) in both varieties. We hypothesize that the ionome differences in the two varieties contribute to protection against disease caused by X. fastidiosa infection.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of the Olive-Infecting Strain Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca De Donno

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Giampetruzzi ◽  
Maria Saponari ◽  
Rodrigo P. P. Almeida ◽  
Salwa Essakhi ◽  
Donato Boscia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Pathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome

ABSTRACT We report here the complete and annotated genome sequence of the plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca strain De Donno. This strain was recovered from an olive tree severely affected by olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS), a devastating olive disease associated with X. fastidiosa infections in susceptible olive cultivars.

scholarly journals An Untargeted Metabolomics Investigation of Milk from Dairy Cows with Clinical Mastitis by 1H-NMR

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1707
Author(s):  
Chenglin Zhu ◽  
Kaiwei Tang ◽  
Xuan Lu ◽  
Junni Tang ◽  
Luca Laghi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Mastitic Milk ◽  
Chemical Groups

Mastitis is one of the diseases with the highest incidence in dairy cows, causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry all over the world. The aim of the study was to characterize mastitic milk metabolome through untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Taking advantage of the high reproducibility of 1H-NMR, we had the opportunity to provide quantitative information for all the metabolites identified. Fifty-four molecules were characterized, sorted mainly into the chemical groups, namely amino acids, peptides and analogues, carbohydrates and derivates, organic acids and derivates, nucleosides, nucleotides and analogues. Combined with serum metabolomic investigations, several pathways were addressed to explain the mechanisms of milk metabolome variation affected by clinical mastitis, such as tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. These results provide a further understanding of milk metabolome altered by clinical mastitis, which can be used as a reference for the further milk metabolome investigations.

scholarly journals HPLC-MS/MS method applied to an untargeted metabolomics approach for the diagnosis of “olive quick decline syndrome”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Di Masi ◽  
Giuseppe E. De Benedetto ◽  
Cosimino Malitesta ◽  
Maria Saponari ◽  
Cinzia Citti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Diffusible Signal Factor ◽  
Profile Changes ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome ◽  
Olive Trees

AbstractOlive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a disorder associated with bacterial infections caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 in olive trees. Metabolic profile changes occurring in infected olive trees are still poorly investigated, but have the potential to unravel reliable biomarkers to be exploited for early diagnosis of infections. In this study, an untargeted metabolomic method using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) was used to detect differences in samples (leaves) from healthy (Ctrl) and infected (Xf) olive trees. Both unsupervised and supervised data analysis clearly differentiated the groups. Different metabolites have been identified as potential specific biomarkers, and their characterization strongly suggests that metabolism of flavonoids and long-chain fatty acids is perturbed in Xf samples. In particular, a decrease in the defence capabilities of the host after Xf infection is proposed because of a significant dysregulation of some metabolites belonging to flavonoid family. Moreover, oleic acid is confirmed as a putative diffusible signal factor (DSF). This study provides new insights into the host-pathogen interactions and confirms LC-HRMS-based metabolomics as a powerful approach for disease-associated biomarkers discovery in plants. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Clinical signs, prevalence, and hematobiochemical profiles associated with Anaplasma infections in sheep of North Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1524-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donea Abdulrazak Abdullah ◽  
Fawwaz Fadhil Ali ◽  
Afrah Younis Jasim ◽  
Shola David Ola-Fadunsin ◽  
Fufa Ido Gimba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Rickettsial Disease ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
North Iraq ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Male Sheep

Background and Aim: Anaplasma infection is a worldwide prevalent condition that causes significant economic losses in affected flocks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and clinical signs associated with ovine anaplasmosis as well as the hematological and biochemical changes associated with the disease in natural infection in North Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 420 sheep were appropriately examined, and the clinical signs were documented accordingly. Blood samples were collected and subjected to parasitological, hematological, and biochemical analyses. Results: Anaplasma-infected sheep displayed the following clinical signs: Paleness of the mucous membrane, bloody diarrhea, emaciation, pyrexia, jaundice, nasal discharge, coughing, loss of wool, nervous signs, hemoglobinuria, and lacrimation. The prevalence of Anaplasma infection was 66.19%, and female sheep were significantly (p<0.05) more infected than male sheep. The hematological and biochemical parameters were significantly different between Anaplasma-positive and Anaplasma-negative sheep. Conclusion: Anaplasma infection among sheep is a significant concern in North Iraq considering its prevalence, clinical signs, and hematological and biochemical findings, which entirely causes significant debilitating effects on sheep productivity. It is important to pay more attention toward managing tick infestation among sheep to reduce the occurrence of this rickettsial disease for a more robust livestock sector of the Iraqi economy.

scholarly journals A Model and Image Based Investigation of X. fastidiosa Within Host Dynamics  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Walker ◽  
Kathryn Rankin ◽  
Siul Ruiz ◽  
Daniel McKay Fletcher ◽  
Katherine Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Physical Description ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome ◽  
Biofilm Development

&lt;p&gt;Photosynthesis relies on the transport of water and sugars from roots to leaves facilitated by two key tissues: xylem and phloem. Blockages in the xylem/phloem, either by structures formed by the pathogen itself or those formed by the plant as a defence mechanism, disrupt the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and cause many vascular plant disease symptoms.&lt;em&gt; Xylella fastidiosa &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;X. fastidiosa&lt;/em&gt;) is a bacterium that colonises internal plant vascular networks causing pathogenic effects on several commercially important crops, including those associated with the olive quick decline syndrome causing devastating olive decline in Apulia, Southern Italy.&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;Despite a growing research effort since the recent detection of &lt;em&gt;X. fastidiosa&lt;/em&gt; in Europe, the exact processes leading to &lt;em&gt;X. fastidiosa&lt;/em&gt; disease symptoms are not fully understood due to difficulties in observing internal plant structures.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Our goal is to utilise models to elucidate fundamental processes that lead to olive quick decline syndrome. We are developing a mathematical model describing within-host biofilm development that predicts water-stresses that ultimately inhibit plant functionality. Our approach is centred on the assumption that the biofilm structure is determined by the arrangement of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) molecules, and as such, our model contains a polymer-physical description of &lt;em&gt;X. fastidiosa&lt;/em&gt; biofilm formation dynamics. We used our model, requiring minimal empirical assumptions, to replicate biofilm aggregation observed by microfluidics. We have also produced X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) images of vascular networks in both resistant and susceptible olive cultivars. We are using these images to test whether susceptibility is correlated with morphological differences that might influence fluid flow through the plant. This work improves the understanding of possible cultivar resistance mechanisms to aid informed breeding and orchard management, and model simulations will provide insights for understanding xylem blockages and their relation to observed symptom severity.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Increase in ring width, vessel number and δ18O in olive trees infected with Xylella fastidiosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1583-1594
Author(s):  
Erika Sabella ◽  
Samuele Moretti ◽  
Holger Gärtner ◽  
Andrea Luvisi ◽  
Luigi De Bellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
Leaf Transpiration ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Tree Stem

Abstract Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) Wells, Raju et al., 1986 is a bacterium that causes plant diseases in the Americas. In Europe, it was first detected on the Salento Peninsula (Italy), where it was found to be associated with the olive quick decline syndrome. Here, we present the results of the first tree-ring study of infected and uninfected olive trees (Olea europaea L.) of two different cultivars, one resistant and one susceptible, to establish the effects induced by the spread of the pathogen inside the tree. Changes in wood anatomical characteristics, such as an increase in the number of vessels and in ring width, were observed in the infected plants of both the cultivars Cellina di Nardò (susceptible to Xf infection) and Leccino (resistant to Xf infection). Thus, whether infection affects the mortality of the tree or not, the tree shows a reaction to it. The presence of occlusions was detected in the wood of both 4-year-old branches and the tree stem core. As expected, the percentage of occluded vessels in the Xf-susceptible cultivar Cellina di Nardò was significantly higher than in the Xf-resistant cultivar Leccino. The δ 18O of the 4-year-old branches was significantly higher in infected trees of both cultivars than in noninfected trees, while no variations in δ 13C were observed. This suggests a reduction in leaf transpiration rates during infection and seems to be related to the occlusions observed in rings of the 4-year-old branches. Such occlusions can determine effects at leaf level that could influence stomatal activity. On the other hand, the significant increase in the number of vessels in infected trees could be related to the tree’s attempt to enhance water conductivity in response to the pathogen-induced vessel occlusions.

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