scholarly journals Tremellomycetes Yeasts in Kernel Ecological Niche: Early Indicators of Enhanced Competitiveness of Endophytic and Mycoparasitic Symbionts against Wheat Pathobiota

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vujanovic
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Wild Yeast ◽  
Wheat Kernel ◽  
Rdna Sequences

Tremellomycetes rDNA sequences previously detected in wheat kernels by MiSeq were not reliably assigned to a genus or clade. From comparisons of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and subsequent phylogenetic analyses, the following three basidiomycetous yeasts were resolved and identified: Vishniacozymavictoriae, V. tephrensis, and an undescribed Vishniacozyma rDNA variant. The Vishniacozyma variant’s clade is evolutionarily close to, but phylogenetically distinct from, the V. carnescens clade. These three yeasts were discovered in wheat kernel samples from the Canadian prairies. Variations in relative Vishniacozyma species abundances coincided with altered wheat kernel weight, as well as host resistance to chemibiotrophic Tilletia (Common bunt—CB) and necrotrophic Fusarium (Fusarium head blight—FHB) pathogens. Wheat kernel weight was influenced by the coexistence of Vishniacozyma with endophytic plant growth-promoting and mycoparasitic biocontrol fungi that were acquired by plants. Kernels were coated with beneficial Penicillium endophyte and Sphaerodes mycoparasite, each of which had different influences on the wild yeast population. Its integral role in the kernel microbiome renders Vishniacozyma a measurable indicator of the microbiome–plant interaction. The ability of NGS technology to detect specific endophytic DNA variants and early changes in dynamics among symbionts within the kernel ecological niche enables the prediction of crop disease emergence, suggesting that advanced microbiological testing may be a potentially useful tool for both phytoprotection and more efficient wheat breeding programs.

Stride oat

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Mitchell Fetch ◽  
A. Tekauz ◽  
P. D. Brown ◽  
N. Ames ◽  
J. Chong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Crown Rust ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Mitchell Fetch, J. W., Tekauz, A., Brown, P. D., Ames, N., Chong, J., Fetch, Jr., T. G., Haber, S. M., Menzies, J. G.,, T. F. Townley-Smith, Stadnyk, K. D. and Green, D. A. 2013. Stride oat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 749–753. Stride is a white-hulled spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar with moderate resistance to fusarium head blight. It is postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc39, Pc68 and Pc94, which was effective against the prevalent crown rust races on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut, moderately good resistance to most of the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2 and Pg13), and intermediate reaction to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Stride has high test weight, but low kernel weight. Stride exhibits high yielding capacity in the oat growing areas of western Canada. Stride was registered (Reg. No. 7180) in Canada 2012 Apr. 23.

scholarly journals AAC Redstar hard red spring wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew James Burt ◽  
D.G. Humphreys ◽  
J. Mitchell Fetch ◽  
Denis Green ◽  
Thomas Fetch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Moderately Resistant

AAC Redstar is an early maturing, high yielding hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that is well adapted to the northern Canadian Prairies and eligible for grades of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Over three years (2016-2018) of testing in the Parkland Wheat Cooperative registration trials, AAC Redstar was 11% higher yielding than AC Splendor, 6% higher than Parata, and 4% higher than Glenn and Carberry. AAC Redstar matured 3 days earlier than Glenn, 2 days earlier than Carberry and had similar maturity to Parata. AAC Redstar was shorter than all checks except Carberry and had better lodging resistance compared to all the check cultivars in the registration trial. The test weight and thousand kernel weight of AAC Redstar were similar to Carberry. The grain protein concentration of AAC Redstar was 0.2% lower than Carberry. AAC Redstar was rated moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight, leaf rust, stripe rust and common bunt. AAC Redstar had resistant reactions to loose smut, and stem rust. AAC Redstar was registered under the CWRS market class.

scholarly journals Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Drakaeinae: Diurideae (Orchidaceae) based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Miller ◽  
Mark A. Clements
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Separate Genus ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Taxonomic Summary

Results of the analysis of rDNA sequences based on 55 collections representative of 32 Drakaeinae orchid species and outgroups supported the monophyly of the subtribe, with weak support for the inclusion of Spiculaea, and revealed six strongly supported monophyletic, well defined morphological groups. Caleana is monophyletic. Chiloglottis s.lat. is monophyletic when Simpliglottis and Myrmechila are included. Our results also suggested that the segregate genus Phoringopsis is better treated as part of Arthrochilus.There is sufficient molecular and morphological support for recognition of the leafless, mycroheterotrophic Thynninorchis to be maintained as a separate genus. A taxonomic summary is provided, including reassignment of taxa at generic ranks and new combinations for Caleana alcockii (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana brockmanii (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana disjuncta (D.L.Jones) M.A.Clem., Caleana dixonii (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana gracilicordata (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana granitica (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana hortiorum (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana lyonsii (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana parvula (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem., Caleana terminalis (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem. and Caleana triens (Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.

scholarly journals AAC Magnet Canada Western Red Spring wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 988-996
Author(s):  
S. Kumar ◽  
S.L. Fox ◽  
J. Mitchell Fetch ◽  
D. Green ◽  
T. Fetch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Stem Strength ◽  
Ustilago Tritici ◽  
Growing Conditions

AAC Magnet (BW1045) is an awned, hollow-stemmed, high-yielding Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat adapted to growing conditions in the Canadian Prairies. AAC Magnet was 5% higher yielding than Glenn and yielded 2% more than Carberry, a popular CWRS wheat variety across the Canadian Prairies. AAC Magnet matured 2 d earlier than Carberry and a day later than Unity, the earliest maturing check. AAC Magnet had the same height as Glenn and was shorter with better stem strength compared with Unity. AAC Magnet had better lodging scores compared with Unity. Over the 3 yr of testing (2015–2017), the test weight of AAC Magnet was slightly lower than the lowest checks, whereas the 1000-kernel weight of AAC Magnet was higher than all of the checks. The grain protein content of AAC Magnet was 0.3% lower than Carberry. AAC Magnet was rated moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe), resistant to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. & E. Henn). AAC Magnet was moderately susceptible/susceptible to resistant to the Ug99 family of stem rusts, resistant to loose smut [Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.], intermediately resistant to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.), susceptible to common bunt [Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.], and moderately susceptible to leaf spot complex. AAC Magnet was susceptible to orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). Based on the milling and baking performance over 3 yr (2015–2017) evaluated by the Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, AAC Magnet was classified as CWRS wheat.

scholarly journals A Novel Fusarium Species Causes a Canker Disease of the Critically Endangered Conifer, Torreya taxifolia

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Smith ◽  
Kerry O'Donnell ◽  
Lacey L. Mount ◽  
Keumchul Shin ◽  
Kelly Peacock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
Rdna Sequences

A canker disease of Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia) has been implicated in the decline of this critically endangered species in its native range of northern Florida and southeastern Georgia. In surveys of eight Florida torreya sites, cankers were present on all dead trees and 71 to 100% of living trees, suggesting that a fungal pathogen might be the causal agent. To identify the causal agent, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS rDNA) sequences were determined for 115 fungi isolated from cankers on 46 symptomatic trees sampled at three sites in northern Florida. BLASTn searches of the GenBank nucleotide database, using the ITS rDNA sequences as the query, indicated that a novel Fusarium species designated Fsp-1 might be the etiological agent. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1) and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) gene sequences indicate that Fsp-1 represents a novel species representing one of the earliest divergences within the Gibberella clade of Fusarium. Results of pathogenicity experiments established that the four isolates of Fsp-1 tested could induce canker symptoms on cultivated Florida torreya in a growth chamber. Koch's postulates were completed by the recovery and identification of Fsp-1 from cankers of the inoculated plants.

scholarly journals AAC Warman Canada Western Red Spring wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
S. Kumar ◽  
S.L. Fox ◽  
J. Mitchell Fetch ◽  
D. Green ◽  
T. Fetch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Stem Strength ◽  
Ustilago Tritici ◽  
Moderately Resistant

AAC Warman (BW1025) is a high-yielding Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat adapted to production in western Canada. AAC Warman was 3% higher yielding than Unity, the highest yielding check in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative registration trials (2014–2016). Within the same test, AAC Warman was 11% higher yielding than Carberry, a popular CWRS wheat variety across the Canadian prairies. AAC Warman matured 3 d earlier than Carberry and a day later than Unity, the earliest maturing check. AAC Warman was shorter than Unity and had better stem strength compared with Unity; however, the lodging score for AAC Warman was higher than the mean of the checks. Over 3 yr of testing (2014–2016), the test weight and thousand-kernel weight of AAC Warman was similar to Carberry. The grain protein content of AAC Warman was 0.3% lower than both Unity and Carberry. AAC Warman was rated moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) and loose smut [Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.], resistant to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. & E. Henn), moderately susceptible to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.) and common bunt [Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.], and intermediately resistant to leaf spot complex. AAC Warman was resistant to orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). Based on its milling and baking performance over 3 yr (2014–2016), as evaluated by the Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, AAC Warman was registered under the CWRS market class.

scholarly journals Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts

MycoKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 39-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Ossowska ◽  
Beata Guzow-Krzemińska ◽  
Marta Kolanowska ◽  
Katarzyna Szczepańska ◽  
Martin Kukwa
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Lichen Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Characters

To evaluate the importance of morphological and chemical characters used in the recognition of species within the Parmelia omphalodes group, we performed phylogenetic, morphological and chemical analyses of 335 specimens, of which 34 were used for molecular analyses. Phylogenetic analyses, based on ITS rDNA sequences, show that P. pinnatifida is distinct from P. omphalodes and the most important difference between those species is the development of pseudocyphellae. In P. pinnatifida, they are mostly marginal and form white rims along lobes margins, but laminal pseudocyphellae can develop in older parts of thalli and are predominantly connected with marginal pseudocyphellae. In contrast, in P. omphalodes laminal pseudocyphellae are common and are predominantly not connected to marginal pseudocyphellae. Chemical composition of secondary lichen metabolites in both analysed species is identical and therefore this feature is not diagnostic in species recognition. Few samples of P. discordans, species morphologically similar to P. omphalodes and P. pinnatifida, were also included in the analyses and they are nested within the clade of P. omphalodes, despite the different chemistry (protocetraric acid present versus salazinic acid in P. omphalodes). All taxa of the P. omphalodes group occupy similar niches, but their potential distributions are wider than those currently known. The absence of specimens in some localities may be limited by the photobiont availability. Parmelia omphalodes and P. pinnatifida are moderately selective in photobiont choice as they form associations with at least two or three lineages of Trebouxia clade S. Parmelia pinnatifida, as well as P. discordans are associated with Trebouxia OTU S02 which seems to have a broad ecological amplitude. Other lineages of Trebouxia seem to be rarer, especially Trebouxia sp. OTU S04, which is sometimes present in P. pinnatifida. This study indicates the importance of extensive research including morphology, chemistry and analysis of molecular markers of both bionts in taxonomical studies of lichens.

scholarly journals Exploitation of Tolerance of Wheat Kernel Weight and Shape-Related Traits from Aegilops tauschii under Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1830
Author(s):  
Gamila Mohamed Idris Elhadi ◽  
Nasrein Mohamed Kamal ◽  
Yasir Serag Alnor Gorafi ◽  
Yuji Yamasaki ◽  
Kanenori Takata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Wheat Kernel ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Synthetic Derivative

Kernel weight and shape-related traits are inherited stably and increase wheat yield. Narrow genetic diversity limits the progress of wheat breeding. Here, we evaluated kernel weight and shape-related traits and applied genome-wide association analysis to a panel of wheat multiple synthetic derivative (MSD) lines. The MSD lines harbored genomic fragments from Aegilops tauschii. These materials were grown under optimum conditions in Japan, as well as under heat and combined heat–drought conditions in Sudan. We aimed to explore useful QTLs for kernel weight and shape-related traits under stress conditions. These can be useful for enhancing yield under stress conditions. MSD lines possessed remarkable genetic variation for all traits under all conditions, and some lines showed better performance than the background parent Norin 61. We identified 82 marker trait associations (MTAs) under the three conditions; most of them originated from the D genome. All of the favorable alleles originated from Ae. tauschii. For the first time, we identified markers on chromosome 5D associated with a candidate gene encoding a RING-type E3 ubiquitin–protein ligase and expected to have a role in regulating wheat seed size. Our study provides important knowledge for the improvement of wheat yield under optimum and stress conditions. The results emphasize the importance of Ae. tauschii as a gene reservoir for wheat breeding.

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of the mitochondrial markers COI, 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA for six species of Iranian scorpions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Soltan-Alinejad ◽  
Javad Rafinejad ◽  
Farrokh Dabiri ◽  
Piero Onorati ◽  
Olle Terenius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Markers ◽  
12S Rdna ◽  
Rdna Sequences

Abstract Objectives Annually, 1.2 million humans are stung by scorpions and severely affected by their venom. Some of the scorpion species of medical importance have a similar morphology to species with low toxicity. To establish diagnostic tools for surveying scorpions, the current study was conducted to generate three mitochondrial markers, Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI gene), 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA for six species of medically important Iranian scorpions: Androctonus crassicauda, Hottentotta saulcyi, Mesobuthus caucasicus, M. eupeus, Odontobuthus doriae, and Scorpio maurus. Results Phylogenetic analyses of the obtained sequences corroborated the morphological identification. For the first time, 12S rDNA sequences are reported from Androctonus crassicauda, Hottentotta saulcyi, Mesobuthus caucasicus and M. eupeus and also the 16S rDNA sequence from Hottentotta saulcyi. We conclude that the mitochondrial markers are useful for species determination among these medically important species of scorpions.

scholarly journals Automatic Evaluation of Wheat Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight Using Dual Mask-RCNN Deep Learning Frameworks in Computer Vision

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Wen-Hao Su ◽  
Jiajing Zhang ◽  
Ce Yang ◽  
Rae Page ◽  
Tamas Szinyei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Feature Pyramid ◽  
Rater Error ◽  
Wheat Lines

In many regions of the world, wheat is vulnerable to severe yield and quality losses from the fungus disease of Fusarium head blight (FHB). The development of resistant cultivars is one means of ameliorating the devastating effects of this disease, but the breeding process requires the evaluation of hundreds of lines each year for reaction to the disease. These field evaluations are laborious, expensive, time-consuming, and are prone to rater error. A phenotyping cart that can quickly capture images of the spikes of wheat lines and their level of FHB infection would greatly benefit wheat breeding programs. In this study, mask region convolutional neural network (Mask-RCNN) allowed for reliable identification of the symptom location and the disease severity of wheat spikes. Within a wheat line planted in the field, color images of individual wheat spikes and their corresponding diseased areas were labeled and segmented into sub-images. Images with annotated spikes and sub-images of individual spikes with labeled diseased areas were used as ground truth data to train Mask-RCNN models for automatic image segmentation of wheat spikes and FHB diseased areas, respectively. The feature pyramid network (FPN) based on ResNet-101 network was used as the backbone of Mask-RCNN for constructing the feature pyramid and extracting features. After generating mask images of wheat spikes from full-size images, Mask-RCNN was performed to predict diseased areas on each individual spike. This protocol enabled the rapid recognition of wheat spikes and diseased areas with the detection rates of 77.76% and 98.81%, respectively. The prediction accuracy of 77.19% was achieved by calculating the ratio of the wheat FHB severity value of prediction over ground truth. This study demonstrates the feasibility of rapidly determining levels of FHB in wheat spikes, which will greatly facilitate the breeding of resistant cultivars.

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