scholarly journals Bordered Pit Formation in Cell Walls of Spruce Tracheids

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1968
Author(s):  
Dmitry G. Chukhchin ◽  
Ksenia Vashukova ◽  
Evgeniy Novozhilov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Mechanical Deformation ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Bordered Pit ◽  
Pit Formation ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The process of pit formation in plants still has various questions unaddressed and unknown, which opens up many interesting and new research opportunities. The aim of this work was elucidation of the mechanism for the formation of bordered pits of the spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) tracheid with exosomes participation and mechanical deformation of the cell wall. Sample sections were prepared from spruce stem samples after cryomechanical destruction with liquid nitrogen. The study methods included scanning electron microscopy and enzymatic treatment. Enzymatic treatment of the elements of the bordered pit made it possible to clarify the localization of cellulose and pectin. SEM images of intermediate stages of bordered pit formation in the radial and tangential directions were obtained. An asynchronous mechanism of formation of bordered-pit pairs in tracheids is proposed. The formation of the pit pair begins from the side of the initiator cell and is associated with enzymatic hydrolysis of the secondary cell wall and subsequent mechanical deformation of the primary cell walls. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the S1 layer of the secondary cell wall is carried out by exosome-delivered endoglucanases.

Compositional studies on the cell walls of the synnema and vegetative hyphae of Ceratocystis ulmi

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Harris ◽  
Willard A. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Fibrillar Structure ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Hyphal Wall ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The composition of the cell walls of synnemal and vegetative hyphae of Ceratocystis ulmi was studied by fractionation and assay of released compounds. Residues after enzymatic hydrolyses were examined by electron microscopy. The synnemal wall was found to have 67% carbohydrate, 4.52% amino sugar, 5.02% protein, 1.6% lipid, and 0.59% ash, which accounted for 78.7% of the cell wall. The vegetative hyphal wall contained 56% carbohydrate, 3.44% amino sugar, 7.92% protein, 4.5% lipid, and 1.45% ash, which totaled 73.3% of the wall weight. Sugars identified were D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, and L-rhamnose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of both wall types by cellulase and laminaranase indicated the presence of beta-1,3 and beta-1,4 linkages of glucose polymers. N-acetylglucosamine was liberated by chitinase. Most of the 16 amino acids detected in each wall type were at least twice as abundant in vegetative hyphal walls as in synnemal hyphal walls. Cellulase and laminaranase treatment of cell walls revealed a fibrillar structure. Chitinase-treated walls did not appear as fibrous, suggesting that the fibrous structure may be mostly chitinous. Synnemal cell walls are covered by electron-dense granules which may correspond to the pigment in the synnemal hyphae.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Forage Cell Walls

2015 ◽  
pp. 455-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan A. White ◽  
Roderick I. Mackie ◽  
Kinchel C. Doerner
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Lignification of spruce tracheid secondary cell walls related to longitudinal hardness and modulus of elasticity using nano-indentation

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1029-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Gindl ◽  
H S Gupta ◽  
C Grünwald
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Nano Indentation ◽  
Secondary Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
The One

The lignin content and the mechanical properties of lignifying and fully lignified spruce tracheid secondary cell walls were determined using UV microscopy and nano-indentation, respectively. The average lignin content of developing tracheids was 0.10 g·g–1, as compared with 0.21 g·g–1 in mature tracheids. The modulus of elasticity of developing cells was on average 22% lower than the one measured in mature, fully lignified cells. For the longitudinal hardness, a larger difference of 26% was observed. As lignifying cells in the cambial zone are undergoing cell wall development, spaces in the cellulose–hemicellulose structure are filled with lignin and the density of the cell wall is believed to increase. It is therefore suggested that the observed difference in modulus of elasticity between developing and fully lignified cell walls is due to the filling of spaces with lignin and an increase of the packing density of the cell wall during lignification. Although remarkably less stiff than the composite polysaccharide structure in the secondary cell wall, lignin may be considered equally hard. Therefore, the observed increase in lignin content may contribute directly to the measured increase of hardness.Key words: secondary cell wall, hardness, lignin, modulus of elasticity, wood formation.

scholarly journals OBTAINING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CALCIUM ORGANIC FORMS ON THE BASIS OF METABOLITES AND PROCESSING PRODUCTS OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kapustian ◽  
N. Cherno ◽  
О. Nikulina
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Culture Liquid ◽  
Mixed Ligand ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Chelate Complexes ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The possibility of obtaining bioavailable mixed ligand chelate complexes of calcium has been considered. As bioligands, it is proposed to use the metabolic products of probiotic bacteria combination and products of enzymatic hydrolysis of peptidoglycans of their cell walls. The culture fluid of probiotic bacteria composition has been investigated for the determination of metabolites in its composition that can participate in the formation of calcium chelate complexes. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of organic acids of a culture fluid have been determined. It has been established that it contains the following acids: oxalic (1.6 mg/dm3), citric (22.1 mg/dm3), acetic (575.8 mg/dm3), lactic (236.3 mg/dm3), benzoic (1.5 mg/dm3). In addition, it has been found that in the composition of the culture liquid, free amino acids and soluble protein are also present in the amount of 1.2 mg/cm3 and 5 mg/cm3, respectively.In order to obtain fragments of peptidoglycans of cell walls of probiotic bacteria as potential bioligands for complex formation, their enzymatic hydrolysis with pancreatin has been performed. It has been established that the highest content of biologically active muropeptides is 5.1 mg/cm3 and it is accumulated during hydrolysis of the substrate for 180 minutes, the ratio of enzyme: substrate 1: 100 and 5.1 mg/cm3.By methods of nephelometry and spectrophotometry, it has been established that the obtained mixed ligand systems are effective chelating agents and, depending on the composition, bind calcium in amounts of 9, 14 and 16 mg/cm3. Identification of the pH stability of the complex has been shown that in the range of pH values 4–7, the chelate system is stable, at pH 2 only 10% of the complex is stored, at pH 9 60% is preserved. By method of differential scanning calorimetry the thermostability of the complex has been investigated. It has been established that the complex is stable in the temperature range of 20–122°С, and therefore can be used in the composition of health foods, the technology of which involves high-temperature processing.

scholarly journals The structure of the endodermis during the development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kopcińska ◽  
Władysław Golinowski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Root Endodermis

It is shown on the basis of cytological studies that during the development of the pea root endodermis, the following structures were formed (in order of appearance): proendodermis, Casparian strips, suberin lamellae and secondary cell walls. The proendodermis cells had, in addition to the commonly occurring cell components, small vacuoles filled with phenols. The Casparian strips developed in the radial walls and accounted for no more than 1/3 of their length. The suberin layer, found on all of the endodermis walls, was deposited last over the Casparian strips. The secondary cell wall was formed only in the cells located over the phloem bundles. Its thickness was uniform over the entire circumference of the cell.

scholarly journals Mushrooms of genus Pleurotus as a source of dietary fibres and glucans for food supplements

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Synytsya ◽  
K. Míčková ◽  
I. Jablonský ◽  
M. Sluková ◽  
J. Čopíková
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pleurotus Eryngii ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Enzymatic Analysis ◽  
Dietary Fibres ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Fruit bodies (separately pilei and stems) of mushrooms <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> (four strains) and <i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> were characterised as a source of polysaccharides. The contents of glucans and dietary fibres were determined with using the respective Megazyme enzymatic kits. Enzymatic analysis of the fruit bodies confirmed significant differences in the contents of these components among the species and strains. The stems contained more insoluble dietary fibres than the pilei in all the cases and more β-glucans in most cases. However, relatively high contents of β-glucan (20–50% of dry matter) could be a result of incomplete enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble α-1,3-glucans. Nevertheless, low food quality stems of mushrooms <i>Pleurotus</i> sp. could be a valuable source of cell wall glucans for the preparation of food supplements.

Cellulosic fibres of flax recruit both primary and secondary cell wall cellulose synthases during deposition of thick tertiary cell walls and in the course of graviresponse

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Mokshina ◽  
Oleg Gorshkov ◽  
Nadezda Ibragimova ◽  
Tatyana Chernova ◽  
Tatyana Gorshkova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Cellulose Synthases ◽  
Cellulosic Fibres ◽  
Coexpression Networks ◽  
Cesa Genes

Cellulose synthesising complex consists of cellulose synthase (CESA) subunits encoded by a multigene family; different sets of CESA genes are known to be expressed during primary and secondary cell wall formation. We examined the expression of LusCESAs in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cellulosic fibres at various stages of development and in the course of graviresponse by means of RNA-Seq and quantitative PCR. Transcripts for both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were abundant in fibres depositing highly cellulosic tertiary cell walls. Gravistimulation of flax plants temporally increased the abundance of CESA transcripts, specifically in phloem fibres located at the pulling stem side. Construction of coexpression networks for LusCESAs revealed that both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were involved in the joint coexpression group in fibres depositing tertiary cell walls, as distinct from other tissues, where these genes were within separate groups. The obtained data suggest that fibres depositing tertiary cell walls have a specific mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and a specific way of its regulation.

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