Non-Deep Simple Morphophysiological Dormancy and Germination Characteristics of Gentiana triflora var. japonica (Kusn.) H. Hara (Gentianaceae), a Rare Perennial Herb in Korea

This study investigated the kind of seed dormancy and seed germination of Gentiana triflora var. japonica (Kusn.) H. Hara for developing a seed propagation method. The seeds were collected in October 2020 from plants at Mt. Sobaeksan, Korea. In a water imbibition experiment, seed weights increased by > 101.9% of their initial masses over 12 h. Effects of incubation temperature (5, 15, 20, 25, 15/6, or 25/15 °C), cold stratification period (5 °C; 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks), and gibberellic acid (GA3; 0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg∙L−1) and potassium nitrate treatment (KNO3; 0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 mg∙L−1) on seed germination were investigated to characterize seed dormancy. These seeds exhibited underdeveloped embryos during seed dispersal. The seeds failed to reach the final germination of 15.0% after treatment at 5, 15, 20, 25, 15/6, or 25/15 °C. After cold stratification for 8 weeks, the germination increased dramatically by > 90.0% compared to that at 0 weeks. After the GA3 treatment, the germination reached > 80.0% within 5 days. The final germination was 90.0% in the 100 mg∙L−1 GA3 treatment group. However, the KNO3 treatment had no effect on seed germination. Therefore, the G. triflora var. japonica seeds exhibited non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy.

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Temperature Requirements for Seed Germination of Three Penstemon Species'

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.2.191 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 191-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Phil S. Allen ◽

Susan E. Meyer

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Marked Decrease ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Cold Stratification ◽

Dormancy Breaking ◽

Primary Dormancy ◽

Temperature Requirements ◽

Seed Propagation

To determine optimum germination temperatures and effective dormancy-breaking procedures, field-grown (1983-85) seeds of `Bandera' Rocky Mountain penstemon (Penstemon strictus Benth), `Cedar' Palmer penstemon (Penstemon palmeri Gray), and firecracker penstemon (Penstemon eatonii Gray) were subjected to various cold stratification and incubation temperature treatments. Increased germination following an 8-week stratification occurred in seed lots containing dormant seeds, but a 2-week stratification generally failed to break dormancy. Older (1983) seeds of `Bandera' and `Cedar' penstemon germinated to full viability without stratification. All species showed a marked decrease in germination percentage above 20C; 15C consistently produced maximum germination after 4 weeks. At 15C, mean times to 90% of total germination were 11, 22, and 29 days for `Bandera', `Cedar', and firecracker penstemon, respectively. Transfer of seeds failing to germinate at warm temperatures (25 and 30C) to 15C and applying 720 μm gibberellic acid (GA3) solution was effective in breaking primary dormancy of firecracker penstemon and secondary dormancy of `Bandera' penstemon. Our findings suggest that incubation below 20C, combined with 8 weeks of stratification or the use of after-ripened seed, may improve seed propagation efforts for these species.

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Seed dormancy and germination in Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense, a perennial herb in China with post-dispersal embryo growth

Seed Science and Technology ◽

10.15258/sst.2020.48.2.17 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 303-314

Author(s):

Ye-Fang Li ◽

Jie Song ◽

Wen-Ling Guan ◽

Feng-Rong Li

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seed Dormancy ◽

Practical Knowledge ◽

Perennial Herb ◽

Late Winter ◽

Dormancy Breaking ◽

Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽

Summer Temperatures ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

Seed Dormancy And Germination

Seeds of Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense, which is native to China, has underdeveloped embryos when dispersed from parent plants that did not grow until the second autumn and winter after exposure to summer temperatures. Radicles and cotyledons emerged in late winter and spring. Thus, a 15–16 month period was required from dispersal to seed germination. Under laboratory conditions, this period could be shortened to 5–6 months in a 25°C/15°C (60 days) → 15°C/5°C (60 days) → 5°C (60 days) temperature sequence. Based on dormancy-breaking requirements, the seeds have deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). This is practical knowledge for propagation of the species from seeds.

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Three levels of simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) species from Argentina

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258518000132 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 131-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Guadalupe Galíndez ◽

Diana Ceccato ◽

Rosana Bubillo ◽

Lucía Lindow-López ◽

Gisela Malagrina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Dormancy ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Cold Stratification ◽

Subtropical Region ◽

Seed Length ◽

Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Embryo Length

AbstractAs a contribution to understanding the world biogeography of seed dormancy in the cosmopolitan genus Ilex, we studied seeds of I. argentina, I. brasiliensis, I. brevicuspis, I. dumosa, I. paraguariensis and I. theezans from the subtropical region of Argentina. We hypothesized that seeds of these species have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Effects of temperature, cold stratification and gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination and embryo growth were tested. Regardless of incubation temperature, little or no germination occurred for any species until ≥6 weeks. There was an up to 3-fold increase in embryo length to seed length (E:S) ratio before seeds germinated, and embryos grew only during warm-stratifying conditions. Seeds of I. brasiliensis, I. brevicuspis and I. theezans had non-deep simple MPD and germinated to ≥80% after 12, 24 and 16 weeks, respectively. Cold stratification increased germination of I. brasiliensis and I. brevicuspis, and GA3 increased the rate but not final germination percentage of I. brasiliensis and I. theezans. Fresh seeds of I. dumosa required 40 weeks of warm stratification to germinate to 53%, while those after-ripened for 2 months germinated to 81% after 30 weeks; this species has intermediate simple MPD. Seeds of I. argentina and I. paraguariensis germinated to 15 and 21%, respectively, after 40 weeks of warm stratification and did not after-ripen or respond to GA3; these seeds have deep simple MPD. This is the first report of intermediate and deep simple MPD that is broken by warm stratification, thereby increasing our knowledge of seed dormancy in Ilex and in subtropical regions.

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Practical Methods for Breaking Seed Dormancy in a Wild Ornamental Tulip Species Tulipa thianschanica Regel

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10111765 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1765

Author(s):

Wei Zhang ◽

Lian-Wei Qu ◽

Jun Zhao ◽

Li Xue ◽

Han-Ping Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seed Dormancy ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Individual Treatment ◽

Cold Stratification ◽

Slight Effect ◽

Sowing Depth ◽

Physiological Dormancy ◽

Commercial Breeding ◽

Breaking Seed Dormancy

The innate physiological dormancy of Tulipa thianschanica seeds ensures its survival and regeneration in the natural environment. However, the low percentage of germination restricts the establishment of its population and commercial breeding. To develop effective ways to break dormancy and improve germination, some important factors of seed germination of T. thianschanica were tested, including temperature, gibberellin (GA3) and/or kinetin (KT), cold stratification and sowing depth. The percentage of germination was as high as 80.7% at a constant temperature of 4 °C, followed by 55.6% at a fluctuating temperature of 4/16 °C, and almost no seeds germinated at 16 °C, 20 °C and 16/20 °C. Treatment with exogenous GA3 significantly improved the germination of seeds, but KT had a slight effect on the germination of T. thianschanica seeds. The combined treatment of GA3 and KT was more effective at enhancing seed germination than any individual treatment, and the optimal hormone concentration for the germination of T. thianschanica seeds was 100 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L KT. In addition, it took at least 20 days of cold stratification to break the seed dormancy of T. thianschanica. The emergence of T. thianschanica seedlings was the highest with 82.4% at a sowing depth of 1.5 cm, and it decreased significantly at a depth of >3.0 cm. This study provides information on methods to break dormancy and promote the germination of T. thianschanica seeds.

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Non-Deep Physiological Dormancy in Seed and Germination Requirements of Lysimachia coreana Nakai

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7110490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 490

Author(s):

Saeng Geul Baek ◽

Jin Hyun Im ◽

Myeong Ja Kwak ◽

Cho Hee Park ◽

Mi Hyun Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seed Dormancy ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Seed Viability ◽

Cold Stratification ◽

Dormancy Breaking ◽

Viability Test ◽

Physiological Dormancy ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Germination Requirements

This study aimed to determine the type of seed dormancy and to identify a suitable method of dormancy-breaking for an efficient seed viability test of Lysimachia coreana Nakai. To confirm the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination at different temperatures, germination tests were conducted at 5, 15, 20, 25, 20/10, and 25/15 °C (12/12 h, light/dark), using 1% agar with 100, 250, and 500 mg·L−1 GA3. Seeds were also stratified at 5 and 25/15 °C for 6 and 9 weeks, respectively, and then germinated at the same temperature. Seeds treated with GA3 demonstrated an increased germination rate (GR) at all temperatures except 5 °C. The highest GR was 82.0% at 25/15 °C and 250 mg·L−1 GA3 (4.8 times higher than the control (14.0%)). Additionally, GR increased after cold stratification, whereas seeds did not germinate after warm stratification at all temperatures. After cold stratification, the highest GR was 56.0% at 25/15 °C, which was lower than the GR observed after GA3 treatment. We hypothesized that L. coreana seeds have a non-deep physiological dormancy and concluded that 250 mg·L−1 GA3 treatment is more effective than cold stratification (9 weeks) for L. coreana seed-dormancy-breaking.

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Factors Affecting Seed Dormancy and Germination of Greater Bur-Parsley (Turgenia latifolia)

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582018360100125 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

Author(s):

M. REZVANI ◽

S.A. SADATIAN ◽

H. NIKKHAHKOUCHAKSARAEI

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Seed Dormancy ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Dormancy Breaking ◽

Planting Depth ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Drought And Salt Stresses

ABSTRACT: Our knowledge about seed dormancy breaking and environmental factors affecting seed germination of greater bur-parsley (Turgenia latifolia) is restricted. This study has addressed some seed dormancy breaking techniques, including different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3), leaching duration, physical scarification as well as some environmental factors effective on seed germination such as salt and drought stresses, pH and seed planting depth. Seed germination was promoted with lower concentrations of KNO3 (0.01 to 0.02 g L-1), while higher concentrations reduced germination percentage. Seed dormancy was declined by low concentrations of GA3 up to 100 ppm. Seeds of greater bur-parsley germinated in a range of pH from 3 to 7. With enhancement of drought and salt stresses, seed germination decreased. Also, there was no seed germination in a high level of stresses. Seedling emergence reduced as planting depth increased. Use of GA3, KNO3, leaching and physical scarification had a positive effect on seed dormancy breaking of greater bur-parsley. The information from the study increases our knowledge about seed dormancy breaking techniques, response of germination to drought and salt stresses and also determination of distribution regions of greater bur-parsley in the future.

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Germination of Viburnum odoratissimum seeds: a new level of morphophysiological dormancy

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258508042177 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 179-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Carol C. Baskin ◽

Ching-Te Chien ◽

Shun-Ying Chen ◽

Jerry M. Baskin

Keyword(s):

Incubation Temperature ◽

Cold Stratification ◽

Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽

Physiological Dormancy ◽

Radicle Emergence ◽

Viburnum Odoratissimum

AbstractPrevious studies indicated that seeds of Viburnum odoratissimum had only physiological dormancy (PD), but no measurements of embryos were made during the dormancy-break treatments. Thus, we investigated embryo growth and radicle and cotyledon emergence over a range of temperatures. Seeds have underdeveloped embryos, and their length increased about 300% before radicle emergence. Embryos also had PD, as evidenced by delays in beginning of embryo growth (2–3 weeks) and of germination after embryos were elongated (4 weeks). After radicle emergence, epicotyl emergence was delayed 1–8 weeks, depending on incubation temperature, but cold stratification was not required to break PD of the epicotyl. Unlike seeds of many previously studied Viburnum spp., epicotyls of V. odoratissimum have non-deep, rather than deep, PD. Hence, a new level of MPD called non-deep, simple, epicotyl MPD has been identified.

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Methods of breaking seed dormancy for ornamental passion fruit species

Ornamental Horticulture ◽

10.14295/oh.v23i1.982 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 72 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thalita Neves Marostega ◽

Petterson Baptista Da Luz ◽

Armando Reis Tavares ◽

Leonarda Grillo Neves ◽

Severino De Paiva Sobrinho

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Seed Dormancy ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Plant Production ◽

Commercial Plant ◽

Fruit Species ◽

Breaking Seed Dormancy ◽

And Control

The Passiflora L. genus covers a diversity of wild species with ornamental potential, especially due to the intrinsic beauty of its exotic flowers, flowering more than once a year and the lush foliage. However, Passiflora seeds present dormancy complicating seed germination and the establishment of commercial plant production with species with high ornamental potential. This study was conducted to determine the best pre-germination treatments to overcome seed dormancy for Passiflora quadrangularis, P. nitida, P. foetida, P. eichleriana, P. alata, P. cincinnata, P. mucronata, P. micropetala, P. suberosa, P. morifolia and P. tenuifila. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four replicates, with 25 seeds per plot. Pre-germination treatments were: seeds soaked in 1,000 mg L- 1 GA3 (gibberellic acid) for 6 hours, seeds soaked in 0.2 % KNO3 (potassium nitrate) for 24 hours, seeds soaked in 1 % KNO3 for 24 hours, partial seedcoat scarification with sandpaper number 120 and control (seeds untreated). Percentage of germination, germination velocity index and radicle length were evaluated for all species. The results showed that GA3 was effective to overcome seed dormancy in P. suberosa (86%), P. morifolia (68 %) and P. tenuifila (54%). KNO3 1% had significant effect on overcoming dormancy in seeds of P. eichleriana (66%) and scarification with sandpaper increased seed germination of P. micropetala (38%).

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Embryo transcriptome and miRNA analyses reveal the regulatory network of seed dormancy in Ginkgo biloba

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpaa023 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhichao Jia ◽

Beibei Zhao ◽

Sian Liu ◽

Zhaogeng Lu ◽

Bang Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seed Dormancy ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Regulatory Network ◽

Regulatory Mechanism ◽

Morphological Development ◽

Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽

Tree Seeds ◽

Dormancy Induction ◽

Release Processes

Abstract Seed dormancy is crucial for plant survival and prevents seed germination out of season. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of morphophysiological seed dormancy. Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the most ancient gymnosperms, and the completion of seed germination in this species requires cold and moist stratification. Here, we observed that at the mature seed stage, the embryo was not fully developed in G. biloba seeds. During dormancy stages, the length and weight of the embryo significantly increased, and nutrients accumulated in cotyledons. We further found that abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin and ethylene were integrated in the seed dormancy induction, maintenance and release processes, and GA biosynthesis and signaling transduction specifically act on dormancy release. Combining mRNA and miRNA analyses, we demonstrated that miRNA156 is involved in the regulation of morphophysiological dormancy. Our analyses revealed that G. biloba seed dormancy belongs to the ancestral morphophysiological dormancy type, which is not only regulated by the balance of ABA/GA, but also by other hormones associated with embryo morphological development, as well as genes related to embryo differentiation and development. These findings helped with elucidating the comprehensive regulatory network of morphophysiological dormancy in tree seeds.

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Seed germination and seedling establishment

The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0010 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

M. Anwar Maun

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Seed Dormancy ◽

Seed Coat ◽

Seedling Establishment ◽

Sand Dunes ◽

Early Summer ◽

Cold Stratification ◽

Ammophila Breviligulata ◽

Mechanical Constraints

For the transformation of a seed to a seedling complex physical and biochemical changes occur within a seed before germination can proceed. Germination is controlled by diverse seed dormancy mechanisms in plant species that delays germination until the conditions are most favourable for seed germination and seedling establishment (Thompson 1970). Baskin and Baskin (1998) identified four benefits for the evolution of seed dormancy in plants: (i) persistence in risky environments as seed banks, (ii) decreased intraspecific competition, (iii) improved chances of seedling establishment and (iv) increased fitness (seed production) of the individual and the species as a whole. They showed that seed dormancy may be caused by any one of physiological, morphological, physical, chemical and mechanical constraints or by a combination of more than one of these factors. For instance, seeds may possess an embryo with a physiological inhibiting mechanism, immature embryo, impermeable seed coat or may contain chemical inhibitors and hard woody fruit walls. In all of these cases seed dormancy is eventually broken by one or more of the following treatments: after ripening, heat treatment, cold temperature stratification, prolonged exposure to high temperatures, exposure to light, softening of seed coat by microbes or physical scarification, leaching of inhibiting chemicals, ageing of seeds and other subtle changes in the habitat. In temperate North America with snow cover during winter months the seeds of a large majority of sand dune species—Cakile edentula, Ammophila breviligulata, Calamovilfa longifolia, Iva imbricata, Croton punctatus, Uniola paniculata—and others require cold stratification at <4°C for 4–6 weeks to break their dormancy requirements. Seeds of some species such as A. breviligulata and U. paniculata that require cold stratification at the northern end of their range lose this requirement in the south (Seneca 1972). At southern locations exposure to high temperatures may be required to fulfil the dormancy requirements. Winter annuals, Vulpia ciliata, Cerastium atrovirens, Mibora minima and Saxifraga tridactylites, that grow and mature their seeds in early summer on sand dunes at Aberffraw, North Wales, require exposure to high soil temperatures to overcome a state of dormancy in a certain proportion of seeds at the time of dispersal (Carey and Watkinson 1993; Pemadasa and Lovell 1975).

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