Mixtures of Biological Control Agents and Organic Additives Improve Physiological Behavior in Cape Gooseberry Plants under Vascular Wilt Disease

This study aimed to assess the soil application of mixtures of biological control agents (BCAs) (Trichoderma virens and Bacillus velezensis) and organic additives (chitosan and burnt rice husk) on the physiological and biochemical behavior of cape gooseberry plants exposed to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph) inoculum. The treatments with inoculated and non-inoculated plants were: (i) T. virens + B. velezensis (Mix), (ii) T. virens + B. velezensis + burnt rice husk (MixRh), (iii) T. virens + B. velezensis + chitosan (MixChi), and (iv) controls (plants without any mixtures). Plants inoculated and treated with Mix or MixChi reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (57.1) and disease severity index (DSI) (2.97) compared to inoculated plants without any treatment (69.3 for AUDPC and 3.2 for DSI). Additionally, these groups of plants (Mix or MixChi) obtained greater leaf water potential (~−0.5 Mpa) and a lower MDA production (~12.5 µmol g−2 FW) than plants with Foph and without mixtures (−0.61 Mpa and 18.2 µmol g−2 FW, respectively). The results suggest that MixChi treatments may be a promising alternative for vascular wilt management in cape gooseberry crops affected by this disease.

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Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Seedlings to Three Biological Control Agents Under Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali Infection

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-19-0466-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (2) ◽

pp. 388-397

Author(s):

José Luis Chaves-Gómez ◽

Cristian Camilo Chavez-Arias ◽

Alba Marina Cotes Prado ◽

Sandra Gómez-Caro ◽

Hermann Restrepo-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Water Potential ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) fruit has gained recognition owing to its nutritional value and versatility to be consumed processed or as a fresh product. These characteristics have made it an important product in both national and international markets. One of the main limitations for this crop is Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physalis, for which biological control is emerging as an alternative to conventional management with chemical synthesis products. However, information on the effect that biological control agents have on the growth and development of plants is scarce. In this research, the physiological response of cape gooseberry plants (stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, growth parameters, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and proline and malondialdehyde contents) to the treatment with three potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma virens, and Bacillus velezensis was determined. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions; F. oxysporum was inoculated in the soil, and BCAs were soil drenched in the germination and transplanting stages. Plants inoculated with the pathogen and plants without inoculation were used as controls. It was found that the plants inoculated and treated with T. virens showed the lowest disease levels (area under the disease progress curve of 48.5 and disease severity index of 2.1). Additionally, they showed a lower water potential (−0.317 Mpa), a greater leaf area (694.7 cm2), and a higher stomatal conductance (110.3 mmol m−2 s−1) compared with the control. Consequently, it can be concluded that T. virens can be a good candidate for the management of Fusarium wilt in the cape gooseberry crop.

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Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali, Fusaric Acid, and Water Deficit in a Hydrophonic System

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.702842 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Luis Alberto Mendoza-Vargas ◽

Wendy Paola Villamarín-Romero ◽

Anderson Steven Cotrino-Tierradentro ◽

Joaquín Guillermo Ramírez-Gil ◽

Cristhian Camilo Chávez-Arias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Fusaric Acid ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

New Approach ◽

Photochemical Efficiency Of Psii ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Solanaceae Family ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Cape gooseberry production has been limited by vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). Fusaric acid (FA) is a mycotoxin produced by many Fusarium species such as F. oxysporum formae speciales. The effects of the interaction between this mycotoxin and plants (such as cape gooseberry) under biotic stress (water deficit, WD) have been little explored. Three experiments were carried out. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) different Foph inoculum densities (1 × 104 and 1 × 106 conidia ml−1; experiment (1); (ii) the effect of times of exposure (0, 6, 9, and 12 h) and FA concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1; experiment (2), and (iii) the interaction between Foph (1 × 104 conidia mL−1) or FA (25 mg L−1 × 9 h), and WD conditions (experiment 3) on the physiological (plant growth, leaf stomatal conductance (gs), and photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) and biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline] responses of cape gooseberry seedling ecotype Colombia. The first experiment showed that Foph inoculum density of 1 × 106 conidia ml−1 caused the highest incidence of the disease (100%). In the second experiment, gs (~40.6 mmol m−2 s−1) and Fv/Fm ratio (~0.59) decreased, whereas MDA (~9.8 μmol g−1 FW) increased in plants with exposure times of 9 and 12 h and an FA concentration of 100 mg L−1 compared with plants without FA exposure or concentrations (169.8 mmol m−2 s−1, 0.8, and 7.2 μmol g−1 FW for gs, Fv/Fm ratio and MDA, respectively). In the last experiment, the interaction between Foph or FA and WD promoted a higher area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (Foph × WD = 44.5 and FA × WD = 37) and lower gs (Foph × WD = 6.2 mmol m−2 s−1 and FA × WD = 9.5 mmol m−2 s−1) compared with plants without any interaction. This research could be considered as a new approach for the rapid scanning of responses to the effects of FA, Foph, and WD stress not only on cape gooseberry plants but also on other species from the Solanaceae family.

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Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Seedlings to Two Organic Additives and Their Mixture under Inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14490-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 55-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

José Luis Chaves-Gómez ◽

Alba Marina Cotes-Prado ◽

Sandra Gómez-Caro ◽

Hermann Restrepo-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Water Potential ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Leaf Water Potential ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

Organic Additives ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali is the most limiting disease in cape gooseberry crops. The use of natural products such as organic additives is a promising alternative for management of this disease. The present study sought to evaluate the physiological response of cape gooseberry plants infected with this pathogen and treated with the organic additives chitosan, burned rice husks, or their mixture. The test was conducted under greenhouse conditions and soil was inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. physali strain Map5. Chitosan was applied to seeds and seedlings at the time of transplantation, whereas burned rice husk was incorporated into the soil in a 1:3 ratio. Plants inoculated and not inoculated with the pathogen were used as controls. The following variables were evaluated: area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (gS), leaf area (LA), dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic pigment contents, proline synthesis, and lipid peroxidation estimation [malondialdehyde (MDA)]. The results showed that cape gooseberry plants with vascular wilt and treated with chitosan had higher gS, leaf water potential, LA, dry matter accumulation, and proline content values. In addition, the levels of vascular wilt severity decreased in comparison with pathogen-inoculated controls. The results suggest that chitosan applications on cape gooseberry plants may be considered as an alternative in the integrated management of the disease in producing areas, because they can mitigate the negative effect of the pathogen on plant physiology.

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Gnotobiotic system for selecting microorganisms with biocontrol potential against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas ◽

10.17584/rcch.2021v15i1.11699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Diana Garcia ◽

Lizeth Lorena Dávila ◽

Adriana González ◽

Alejandro Caro ◽

Alba Marina Cotes

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Principal Component ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Cluster Number ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Physalis Peruviana ◽

Solanaceae Species ◽

Cape Gooseberry

The cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) is a Solanaceae species with enormous economic importance in Colombia; it is the second most exported fruit, after bananas. Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Fox) is the most limiting factor of this crop, with losses of up to 80% of production. Biological control is a promising alternative for controlling this pathogen. Bacteria and fungi, originally isolated from potentially suppressive soils of cape gooseberry crops in Nariño, Colombia with different management (organic and conventional), were evaluated as biocontrol agents of Fox using a gnotobiotic model (seedlings cultured under axenic conditions with defined microbial strains). Of the 64 isolated microorganisms, 37.5% (15 bacteria and 9 fungi) were discarded because of toxicological risks and an unknow potential biological control. The remaining 62.5% of the microorganisms, 14 bacteria and 26 fungi, were evaluated to assess their potential as biological control agents against Fox. The gnotobiotic model system evaluated the protection and plant growth promotion characteristics. Response variables were used to group the microorganism using a principal component analysis (PCA), and five clusters were obtained. Cluster number four concentrated the 10 microorganisms (three bacteria and seven fungi) with the highest protection values against Fox, with a positive effect on growth. The isolates were identified as two Bacillus subtilis strains, Rhodococcus sp., Podospora setosa, Debaryomyces vindobonensis, Plectosphaerella plurivora, Acinetobacter rhizosphaerae, Umbelopsis sp. and two strains of Trichoderma koningiopsis. The gnobiotic system offered clear advantages for evaluating and selecting microorganisms with a biological control potential against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physalis.

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Hyperspectral response of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) plants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali for vascular wilt detection

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas ◽

10.17584/rcch.2020v14i3.10938 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 301-313

Author(s):

Cristhian Giraldo-Betancourt ◽

Edisson Andrés Velandia-Sánchez ◽

Gerhard Fischer ◽

Sandra Gómez-Caro ◽

Luís Joel Martínez

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Spectral Response ◽

Visible Spectrum ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

Physalis Peruviana ◽

Red Edge ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Simple Ratio ◽

Cape Gooseberry

This study used greenhouse conditions to determine the hyperspectral responses of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) plants inoculated with different Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali densities because the causal agent of vascular wilt generates great economic losses for farmers. A completely randomized design with four replicates was established. The evaluated treatments were inoculum densities 0.0, 1.0·103 and 1.0·106 conidia/mL of the pathogen. The inoculation was done with immersion of roots in conidia suspensions. The spectral response was directly measured on the plant leaves with a spectroradiometer. Non-invasive detection in the P. peruviana - F. oxysporum pathosystem with reflectance values was used with different spectral indices related to the visible and Red Edge, which were calculated and correlated with the disease variables. The treatments showed significant differences in the visible spectrum starting 14 days after inoculation with higher reflectance values. The chlorophyll index at the red edge (ChRE), the modified chlorophyll absorption index (MCARI), the simple ratio index (SR) and the Zarco & Miller index (ZM) showed highly significant correlations with the area under the disease progress curve for leaves (AUDPCL), leaf area and fresh weight of the aerial part of the plants. This study showed the potential of spectral patterns for the detection and study of Fusarium wilt in P. peruviana.

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Yellow Brazilian Pepper-tree Leaf Galler (suggested common name) Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt (Insecta: Hemiptera: Calophyidae: Calophyinae)

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-in1186-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (6) ◽

Author(s):

James P. Cuda ◽

Patricia Prade ◽

Carey R. Minteer-Killian

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

North America ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Host Plants ◽

Classical Biological Control ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Pepper Tree ◽

Brazilian Pepper ◽

Close Relatives ◽

Tree Leaf

In the late 1970s, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), was targeted for classical biological control in Florida because its invasive properties (see Host Plants) are consistent with escape from natural enemies (Williams 1954), and there are no native Schinus spp. in North America. The lack of native close relatives should minimize the risk of damage to non-target plants from introduced biological control agents (Pemberton 2000). [...]

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