Hyperspectral response of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) plants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali for vascular wilt detection

This study used greenhouse conditions to determine the hyperspectral responses of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) plants inoculated with different Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali densities because the causal agent of vascular wilt generates great economic losses for farmers. A completely randomized design with four replicates was established. The evaluated treatments were inoculum densities 0.0, 1.0·103 and 1.0·106 conidia/mL of the pathogen. The inoculation was done with immersion of roots in conidia suspensions. The spectral response was directly measured on the plant leaves with a spectroradiometer. Non-invasive detection in the P. peruviana - F. oxysporum pathosystem with reflectance values was used with different spectral indices related to the visible and Red Edge, which were calculated and correlated with the disease variables. The treatments showed significant differences in the visible spectrum starting 14 days after inoculation with higher reflectance values. The chlorophyll index at the red edge (ChRE), the modified chlorophyll absorption index (MCARI), the simple ratio index (SR) and the Zarco & Miller index (ZM) showed highly significant correlations with the area under the disease progress curve for leaves (AUDPCL), leaf area and fresh weight of the aerial part of the plants. This study showed the potential of spectral patterns for the detection and study of Fusarium wilt in P. peruviana.

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Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali, Fusaric Acid, and Water Deficit in a Hydrophonic System

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.702842 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Luis Alberto Mendoza-Vargas ◽

Wendy Paola Villamarín-Romero ◽

Anderson Steven Cotrino-Tierradentro ◽

Joaquín Guillermo Ramírez-Gil ◽

Cristhian Camilo Chávez-Arias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Fusaric Acid ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

New Approach ◽

Photochemical Efficiency Of Psii ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Solanaceae Family ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Cape gooseberry production has been limited by vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). Fusaric acid (FA) is a mycotoxin produced by many Fusarium species such as F. oxysporum formae speciales. The effects of the interaction between this mycotoxin and plants (such as cape gooseberry) under biotic stress (water deficit, WD) have been little explored. Three experiments were carried out. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) different Foph inoculum densities (1 × 104 and 1 × 106 conidia ml−1; experiment (1); (ii) the effect of times of exposure (0, 6, 9, and 12 h) and FA concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1; experiment (2), and (iii) the interaction between Foph (1 × 104 conidia mL−1) or FA (25 mg L−1 × 9 h), and WD conditions (experiment 3) on the physiological (plant growth, leaf stomatal conductance (gs), and photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) and biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline] responses of cape gooseberry seedling ecotype Colombia. The first experiment showed that Foph inoculum density of 1 × 106 conidia ml−1 caused the highest incidence of the disease (100%). In the second experiment, gs (~40.6 mmol m−2 s−1) and Fv/Fm ratio (~0.59) decreased, whereas MDA (~9.8 μmol g−1 FW) increased in plants with exposure times of 9 and 12 h and an FA concentration of 100 mg L−1 compared with plants without FA exposure or concentrations (169.8 mmol m−2 s−1, 0.8, and 7.2 μmol g−1 FW for gs, Fv/Fm ratio and MDA, respectively). In the last experiment, the interaction between Foph or FA and WD promoted a higher area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (Foph × WD = 44.5 and FA × WD = 37) and lower gs (Foph × WD = 6.2 mmol m−2 s−1 and FA × WD = 9.5 mmol m−2 s−1) compared with plants without any interaction. This research could be considered as a new approach for the rapid scanning of responses to the effects of FA, Foph, and WD stress not only on cape gooseberry plants but also on other species from the Solanaceae family.

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Acibenzolar-S-methyl induces protection against the vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection ◽

10.1007/s41348-021-00427-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cindy Mejía ◽

Diana Farfán ◽

José Salvador Montaña ◽

Silvia Restrepo ◽

Pedro Jiménez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

Physalis Peruviana ◽

Cape Gooseberry

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Combining transcriptome analysis and GWAS for identification and validation of marker genes in the Physalis peruviana-Fusarium oxysporum pathosystem

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.11135 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e11135

Author(s):

Gina A. Garzón-Martínez ◽

Francy L. García-Arias ◽

Felix E. Enciso-Rodríguez ◽

Mauricio Soto-Suárez ◽

Carolina González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Genome Wide Association Study ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Physalis Peruviana ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Vascular wilt, caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph), is a major disease of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) in Andean countries. Despite the economic losses caused by this disease, there are few studies related to molecular mechanisms in the P. peruviana—Foph pathosystem as a useful tool for crop improvement. This study evaluates eight candidate genes associated with this pathosystem, using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The genes were identified and selected from 1,653 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) derived from RNA-Seq analysis and from a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) of this plant-pathogen interaction. Based on the RT-qPCR analysis, the tubuline (TUB) reference gene was selected for its highly stable expression in cape gooseberry. The RT-qPCR validation of the candidate genes revealed the biological variation in their expression according to their known biological function. Three genes related to the first line of resistance/defense responses were highly expressed earlier during infection in a susceptible genotype, while three others were overexpressed later, mostly in the tolerant genotype. These genes are mainly involved in signaling pathways after pathogen recognition, mediated by hormones such as ethylene and salicylic acid. This study provided the first insight to uncover the molecular mechanism from the P. peruviana—Foph pathosystem. The genes validated here have important implications in the disease progress and allow a better understanding of the defense response in cape gooseberry at the molecular level. Derived molecular markers from these genes could facilitate the identification of tolerant/susceptible genotypes for use in breeding schemes.

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Antagonist capacity of bacteria isolated from cape gooseberry cultures (Physalis peruviana L.) for biological control of Fusarium oxysporum

Tropical Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s40858-019-00313-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Deisy Lisseth Toloza-Moreno ◽

Luz Marina Lizarazo-Forero ◽

Daniel Uribe-Vélez

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Physalis Peruviana ◽

Cape Gooseberry

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Physiological, Biochemical and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Physalis Peruviana L. Seedlings Exposed to Different Short-Term Waterlogging Periods and Fusarium Wilt Infection

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9050213 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 213 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Cristhian C. Chávez-Arias ◽

Sandra Gómez-Caro ◽

Hermann Restrepo-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Photosynthetic Pigments ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽

Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Fluorescence Parameters ◽

Physalis Peruviana ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Cape gooseberry has coped with abiotic and biotic stresses such as prolonged waterlogging periods and vascular wilt in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of four waterlogging periods on stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water potential (Ψwf), plant growth, leaf photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, proline content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in cape gooseberry plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). Two-month-old ecotype “Colombia” plants were arranged in a completely randomized factorial design in eight treatments: plants without waterlogging (control), plants with waterlogging for 4, 6 and 8 d with and without Foph, respectively. The area under the disease progress curve was higher in inoculated plants subjected to 6 and 8 d of waterlogging (55.25 and 64.25) compared to inoculated plants but without waterlogging (45.25). The results also showed a lower plant growth, gs, Ψwf, leaf photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, electron transport rate (ETR), Y (II) and qP) as waterlogging periods in plants with Foph increased. However, this group of plants showed a greater proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and a higher NPQ. In conclusion, cape gooseberry shows a low acclimation to waterlogging conditions of more than 6 d in soils with Foph.

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Physiological Responses to the Foliar Application of Synthetic Resistance Elicitors in Cape Gooseberry Seedlings Infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9020176 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 176

Author(s):

Cristhian C. Chávez-Arias ◽

Sandra Gómez-Caro ◽

Hermann Restrepo-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

Potential Growth ◽

Disease Progress ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the most limiting disease that affects cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) crops in Colombia. The use of synthetic elicitors for vascular wilt management is still scarce in Andean fruit species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect and number of foliar applications of synthetic elicitors such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), brassinosteroids (BR), or a commercial resistance elicitor based on botanical extracts (BE) on disease progress and their effect on the physiology of cape gooseberry plants inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. physali. Groups of ten plants were separately sprayed once, twice, or three times with a foliar synthetic elicitor, respectively. Elicitor applications were performed at the following concentrations: JA (10 mL L−1), SA (100 mg L−1), BR (1 mL L−1) and BE (2.5 mL of commercial product (Loker®) L−1). The results showed that three foliar BR, SA, or BE applications reduced the area under the disease progress, severity index, and vascular browning in comparison to inoculated plants without any elicitor spray. Three BR, SA, or BE sprays also favored stomatal conductance, water potential, growth (total dry weight and leaf area) and fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll compared with inoculated and untreated plants with no elicitor sprays. Three foliar sprays of SA, BR, or BE enhanced photosynthetic pigments (leaf total chlorophyll and carotenoid content) and proline synthesis and decreased oxidative stress in Foph-inoculated plants. In addition, the effectiveness of three foliar BR, SA, or BE sprays was corroborated by three-dimensional plot and biplot analysis, in which it can evidence that stomatal conductance, proline synthesis, and efficacy percentage were accurate parameters to predict Foph management. On the hand, JA showed the lowest level of amelioration of the negative effects of Foph inoculation. In conclusion, the use of the synthetic elicitors BR, SA, or BE can be considered as a tool complementary for the commercial management of vascular wilt in areas where this disease is a limiting factor.

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Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Seedlings to Two Organic Additives and Their Mixture under Inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14490-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 55-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

José Luis Chaves-Gómez ◽

Alba Marina Cotes-Prado ◽

Sandra Gómez-Caro ◽

Hermann Restrepo-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Water Potential ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Leaf Water Potential ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

Organic Additives ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali is the most limiting disease in cape gooseberry crops. The use of natural products such as organic additives is a promising alternative for management of this disease. The present study sought to evaluate the physiological response of cape gooseberry plants infected with this pathogen and treated with the organic additives chitosan, burned rice husks, or their mixture. The test was conducted under greenhouse conditions and soil was inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. physali strain Map5. Chitosan was applied to seeds and seedlings at the time of transplantation, whereas burned rice husk was incorporated into the soil in a 1:3 ratio. Plants inoculated and not inoculated with the pathogen were used as controls. The following variables were evaluated: area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (gS), leaf area (LA), dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic pigment contents, proline synthesis, and lipid peroxidation estimation [malondialdehyde (MDA)]. The results showed that cape gooseberry plants with vascular wilt and treated with chitosan had higher gS, leaf water potential, LA, dry matter accumulation, and proline content values. In addition, the levels of vascular wilt severity decreased in comparison with pathogen-inoculated controls. The results suggest that chitosan applications on cape gooseberry plants may be considered as an alternative in the integrated management of the disease in producing areas, because they can mitigate the negative effect of the pathogen on plant physiology.

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Yield and physicochemical quality of Physalis peruviana L. fruit related to the resistance response against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali

Agronomía Colombiana ◽

10.15446/agron.colomb.v37n2.77550 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 120-128

Author(s):

Franklin Mayorga-Cubillos ◽

Jorge Argüelles-Cárdenas ◽

Edwin Rodríguez-Velásquez ◽

Carolina González-Almario ◽

Claudia Ariza-Nieto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Principal Component ◽

Differential Resistance ◽

Resistance Response ◽

Physalis Peruviana ◽

Fruit Cracking ◽

Medicinal Value ◽

Cape Gooseberry

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a fruit of great interest, due to its high nutritional and potential medicinal value. Vascular wilt disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Physali (Foph) is responsible for crop losses of up to 100% which makes necessary to identify resistant cultivars. To contribute to crop improvement processes, a physicochemical characterization was performed on fruits of 33 cape gooseberry genotypes using 18 quantitative descriptors. The genotypes were planted in the field under high and no pressure of Foph. The Student’s t test detected statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the two conditions for yield, fruit cracking (%) and fruit juice pH. The principal component analysis explained in five factors 84.96% of the total variance, in which the fruit physical variables were the major contributor to the first component (41.65%). Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes under high and no pressure in seven and eight clusters, respectively. Two contrasting genotypesshowing differential resistance response to the pathogen wereanalyzed for fruit antioxidant capacity, in which DPPH and ORAC methods presented significant differences (P<0.05) between the two genotypes with greater antioxidant activity in the susceptible material.

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Mixtures of Biological Control Agents and Organic Additives Improve Physiological Behavior in Cape Gooseberry Plants under Vascular Wilt Disease

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10102059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2059

Author(s):

José Luis Chaves-Gómez ◽

Cristian Camilo Chávez-Arias ◽

Alba Marina Cotes Prado ◽

Sandra Gómez-Caro ◽

Hermann Restrepo-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Severity Index ◽

Vascular Wilt ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Organic Additives ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Cape Gooseberry ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

This study aimed to assess the soil application of mixtures of biological control agents (BCAs) (Trichoderma virens and Bacillus velezensis) and organic additives (chitosan and burnt rice husk) on the physiological and biochemical behavior of cape gooseberry plants exposed to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph) inoculum. The treatments with inoculated and non-inoculated plants were: (i) T. virens + B. velezensis (Mix), (ii) T. virens + B. velezensis + burnt rice husk (MixRh), (iii) T. virens + B. velezensis + chitosan (MixChi), and (iv) controls (plants without any mixtures). Plants inoculated and treated with Mix or MixChi reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (57.1) and disease severity index (DSI) (2.97) compared to inoculated plants without any treatment (69.3 for AUDPC and 3.2 for DSI). Additionally, these groups of plants (Mix or MixChi) obtained greater leaf water potential (~−0.5 Mpa) and a lower MDA production (~12.5 µmol g−2 FW) than plants with Foph and without mixtures (−0.61 Mpa and 18.2 µmol g−2 FW, respectively). The results suggest that MixChi treatments may be a promising alternative for vascular wilt management in cape gooseberry crops affected by this disease.

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